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- Insect_diuretic_hormones abstract "Insect diuretic hormones are hormones that regulate water balance through diuretic action.The insect excretory system, responsible for regulating water balance in the insect, comprises the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut (the ileum and rectum). Malpighian tubules secrete primary urine, most of which is passed into the hindgut where water, ions and essential metabolites are reabsorbed before the fluid is excreted. Excretion is under the control of diuretic and anti-diuretic factors, or hormones, comprehensively reviewed by Coast et al. (2002). These factors are produced in neurosecretory cells in the insect nervous system, and stored and released from neurohaemal sites, such as the corpora cardiaca in the brain. Before a factor can be attributed with the role of hormone, it needs to meet certain criteria. While there is evidence that some diuretic and antidiuretic factors are indeed circulating neurohormones, this has not been demonstrated for all factors investigated so far. It has been known for many years that insects possess diuretic and antidiuretic factors, but it has only been comparatively recently that technological advances have allowed for them to be characterised. Antidiuretic factors are less well studied than diuretic factors. They act either on the Malpighian tubules to inhibit urine production, or on the hindgut to stimulate reabsorption. To date, the only insect for which both diuretic and antidiuretic hormones (acting directly on tubules) have been isolated is a beetle, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor (Tenebrionidae).Functions of diuretic and antidiuretic hormones include: postprandial diuresis, post-eclosion diuresis, excretion of excess metabolic water, clearance of toxic wastes and restricting metabolite loss (Coast et al., 2002).The effects of diuretic factors are tested in fluid secretion experiments, usually conducted using the Ramsay assay, in which isolated Malpighian tubules are placed in droplets of saline solution under liquid paraffin. The ends of the tubules are drawn out of the saline and wrapped around minuten pins. The diameter of the secreted droplets is measured, whereby the volume, in nanolitres, and hence rate of secretion, can be calculated. Test substances are added to the saline and changes in secretion rate are recorded. Isolated tubules continue to secrete for many hours, and because the Ramsay assay is fairly easy to perform, many peptides are tested using this method. As a result, the effects of diuretic peptides are often tested only on the tubules and their role in other parts of the insect excretory system is not investigated.There are three main families of diuretic hormones: the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related peptides, calcitonin (CT)-like peptides and the insect kinins (Coast et al., 2002). These will be reviewed briefly. Others have been identified, but will not be discussed here.CRF-related peptides are the best characterised and have been isolated from Blattodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Insect CRF-related peptides are so-called because of their similarity to the CRF-related peptides of vertebrates, which indicates a long evolutionary history. They range from 30 to 47 amino acid residues in length. Although only a few orders are represented so far, CRF-related peptides are suspected to be ubiquitous in insects. They act by increasing cyclic AMP production in Malpighian tubules and appear to stimulate cation (K+/Na+) transport. Originally known as the myokinins because of their myotropic activity, the kinins were first isolated from the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae and the cricket, Acheta domesticus. Kinins are smaller than the CRF-related peptides (typically 6–15 residues long). They appear to have a non-selective effect on sodium chloride and potassium chloride secretion in tubules by opening a Ca2+-activated anion conductance, thus allowing more Cl− into the tubule. With the increase in available Cl−, additional Na+ and K+ can be transported into the lumen. Their effects are mimicked by the pharmacological agent, thapsigargin, which is sometimes used in fluid secretion assays when a kinin is not available. Kinins are known from Blattodea, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. Comparatively recently, a peptide was isolated from the cockroach Diploptera punctata that showed no similarity to any known insect peptide but did show some similarity to vertebrate calcitonin (Furuya et al., 2000). The D. punctata peptide, subsequently named Dippu-DH31, turned out to be the first example of a whole new family of insect diuretic peptides – the calcitonin (CT)-like peptides. Dippu-DH31 was isolated using a cyclic AMP assay at the same time as a CRF-related peptide from the same insect. Ct-like peptides and CRF-related peptides both stimulate cAMP production by isolated tubules, but it is suspected that CT-like peptides target a different cAMP-dependent effector system or activate a different second messenger pathway. CT-like peptides have since been identified in other orders – Diptera, Lepidoptera, and one has been partially sequenced from Hymenoptera. Unpublished studies show immunologically-related peptides in Tenebrio molitor (Coast et al., 2002).It appears that all insects possess diuretic factors from two or more families, indicating that fluid balance is very finely controlled. Synergism between the different factors has been demonstrated in a number of species. However, although it is common, it should not be assumed to be universal. Also, in many cases, it is only the effects on fluid secretion that are measured, and while two factors may both increase fluid secretion, their effects on ion transport may be very different. Further studies examining the composition of the secreted fluid and electrophysiological experiments that explore ion movement, will shed more light on the actual physiological function of these factors in vivo.For example, in vivo experiments have demonstrated that the fluid secreted by the Malpighian tubules of the desert beetle, Onymacris plana is directed to the midgut for recycling to the haemolymph. In this way, metabolic wastes are rapidly cleared from the haemolymph without an associated loss of water, indicating that diuretic hormones may not always effect diuresis per se (Nicolson, 1991).The rectal or cryptonephric complex is a structure in which the terminal parts of the Malpighian tubules are closely associated with the rectum. It withdraws water from the rectal contents, thereby limiting fecal water loss, and is even capable of withdrawing water from unsaturated air. The complex is only present in lepidopteran larvae and some beetle species. Little is known about the hormonal control of fluid uptake by the cryptonephric complex, which is certain to play an important role in the species in which it occurs.".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageID "3358912".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageLength "8374".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageOutDegree "48".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageRevisionID "578360869".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Beetle.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Blattodea.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Brain.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Calcitonin.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Category:Insect_hormones.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Cation.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Coleoptera.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Corpora_cardiaca.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Corticotropin-releasing_factor.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Corticotropin-releasing_factor_family.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Cricket_(insect).
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Cyclic_AMP.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Diploptera.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Diptera.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Diuretic.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Evolution.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Excretory_system.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Fly.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Genus.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Haemolymph.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Hemolymph.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Higher_alkanes.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Hindgut.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Hormone.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Hormones.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Ileum.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink In_vivo.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Insect.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Ion.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Isoptera.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Kinin.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Lepidoptera.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Malpighian_tubule_system.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Malpighian_tubules.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Mealworm.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Metabolite.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Nervous_system.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Neuroendocrine_cell.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Neurosecretory_cell.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Orthoptera.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Pharmacology.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Post-eclosion_diuresis.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Potassium_chloride.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Ramsay_assay.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Rectum.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Saline_(medicine).
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Saline_solution.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Sodium_chloride.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Species.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Termite.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Urine.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Vertebrate.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLink Water_balance.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wikiPageWikiLinkText "corpora cardiaca".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones hasPhotoCollection Insect_diuretic_hormones.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones subject Category:Insect_hormones.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones hypernym Hormones.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones type ChemicalSubstance.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones type Hormone.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones comment "Insect diuretic hormones are hormones that regulate water balance through diuretic action.The insect excretory system, responsible for regulating water balance in the insect, comprises the Malpighian tubules and the hindgut (the ileum and rectum). Malpighian tubules secrete primary urine, most of which is passed into the hindgut where water, ions and essential metabolites are reabsorbed before the fluid is excreted.".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones label "Insect diuretic hormones".
- Insect_diuretic_hormones sameAs m.097kz9.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones sameAs Q6037219.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones sameAs Q6037219.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones wasDerivedFrom Insect_diuretic_hormones?oldid=578360869.
- Insect_diuretic_hormones isPrimaryTopicOf Insect_diuretic_hormones.