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- Hexabromocyclododecane abstract "Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD or HBCDD) is a brominated flame retardant. It consists of twelve carbon, eighteen hydrogen, and six bromine atoms tied to the ring. Its primary application is in extruded (XPS) and expanded (EPS) polystyrene foam that is used as thermal insulation in the building industry. Other uses are upholstered furniture, automobile interior textiles, car cushions and insulation blocks in trucks, packaging material, video cassette recorder housing and electric and electronic equipment.According to UNEP, “HBCD is produced in China, Europe, Japan, and the USA. The known current annual production is approximately 28,000 tonnes per year. The main share of the market volume is used in Europe and China” (figures from 2009/2010).HBCD's toxicity and its harm to the environment are currently discussed. HBCD can be found in environmental samples such as birds, mammals, fish and other aquatic organisms as well as soil and sediment.On this basis, on 28 October 2008 the European Chemicals Agency decided to include HBCD in the SVHC list, Substances of Very High Concern, within the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals framework. On 18 February 2011, HBCD was listed in the Annex XIV of REACH and hence is subject to Authorisation. HBCD can be used until the so-called “sunset date” (21 August 2015). After that date, only authorised applications will be allowed in the EU. HBCD has been found widely present in biological samples from remote areas and supporting evidences for its classification as Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) and undergoes long-range environmental transportation.In July 2012, an EU harmonised classification and labelling for HBCD entered into force. HBCD has been classified as a category 2 for reproductive toxicity. Since August 2010 hexabromocyclododecanes are included in the EPA's List of Chemicals of Concern.On May 2013 the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) decided to include HBCD in the Convention’s Annex A for elimination, with specific exemptions for expanded and extruded polystyrene in buildings needed to give countries time to phase-in safer substitutes. HBCD is listed for elimination, but with a specific exemption for expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) in buildings. Countries may choose to use this exemption for up to five years after the request for exemption is submitted. Japan was the first country to implement a ban on the import and production of HBCD effective in May 2014.Because HBCD has 16 possible stereo-isomers with different biological activities, the substance poses a difficult problem for manufacture and regulation.The HBCD commercial mixture is composed of three main diastereomers denoted as alpha (α-HBCD), beta (β-HBCD) and gamma (γ-HBCD) with traces of others. A series of four published in vivo mice studies were conducted between several federal and academic institutions to characterize the toxicokinetic profiles of individual HBCD stereoisomers. The predominant diastereomer in the HBCD mixture, γ-HBCD, undergoes rapid hepatic metabolism, fecal and urinary elimination, and biological conversion to other diastereomers with a short biological half-life of 1–4 days. After oral exposure to the γ-HBCD diastereomer, β-HBCD was detected in the liver and brain, and α-HBCD and β-HBCD was detected in the fat and feces with multiple novel metabolites identified - monohydroxy-pentabromocyclododecane, monohydroxy-pentabromocyclododecene, dihydroxy-pentabromocyclododecene, and dihydroxy-pentabromocyclododecadiene. In contrast, α-HBCD is more biologically persistent, resistant to metabolism, bioaccumulates in lipid-rich tissues after a 10-day repeated exposure study, and has a longer biological half-life of up to 21 days; only α-HBCD was detected in the liver, brain, fat and feces with no stereoisomerization to γ-HBCD or β-HBCD and low trace levels of four different hydroxylated metabolites were identified. Developing mice had higher HBCD tissue levels than adult mice after exposure to either α-HBCD or γ-HBCD indicating the potential for increased susceptibility of the developing young to HBCD effects. The reported toxicokinetic differences of individual HBCD diastereoisomers have important implications for the extrapolation of toxicological studies of the commercial HBCD mixture to the assessment of human risk.".
- Hexabromocyclododecane iupacName "1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane".
- Hexabromocyclododecane thumbnail Hexabromocyclododecane.svg?width=300.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageExternalLink svhc_supdoc_hbccd_publication.pdf.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageExternalLink AternativestoTBBPAandHBCD.pdf.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageExternalLink hbcd.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageExternalLink Factsheet_HBCD_25-10-2012.pdf.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageExternalLink milebrome-fr-50.html.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageID "7146636".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageLength "13051".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageOutDegree "23".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageRevisionID "671727661".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Anthroposphere.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Brominated_flame_retardant.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Bromine.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Carbon.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Category:Flame_retardants.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Category:Organobromides.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Category:Persistent_Organic_Pollutants_under_the_Stockholm_Convention.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Diastereomer.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink ECHA.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink European_Chemicals_Agency.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Half-life.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Hydroxylated.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Hydroxylation.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Persistent_organic_pollutant.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Polystyrene.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Risk.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink SVHC.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Substance_of_very_high_concern.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Toxicokinetic.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink Toxicokinetics.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLink File:Hexabromocyclododecane_isomers.svg.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLinkText "HBCD (hexabromocyclododecane)".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLinkText "HBCD".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLinkText "HexaBromoCycloDodecane".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLinkText "Hexabromocyclododecane".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageWikiLinkText "hexabromocyclododecane".
- Hexabromocyclododecane hasPhotoCollection Hexabromocyclododecane.
- Hexabromocyclododecane imagefile "Hexabromocyclododecane.svg".
- Hexabromocyclododecane iupacname "1256910".
- Hexabromocyclododecane othernames "Hexabromocyclododecane".
- Hexabromocyclododecane verifiedfields "changed".
- Hexabromocyclododecane verifiedrevid "447480081".
- Hexabromocyclododecane watchedfields "changed".
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Chembox.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Commons_category.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Hexabromocyclododecane subject Category:Flame_retardants.
- Hexabromocyclododecane subject Category:Organobromides.
- Hexabromocyclododecane subject Category:Persistent_Organic_Pollutants_under_the_Stockholm_Convention.
- Hexabromocyclododecane hypernym Retardant.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Article.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type ChemicalCompound.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type ChemicalSubstance.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Additive.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Article.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Chemical.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Organohalide.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Organohalide.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type ChemicalObject.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Thing.
- Hexabromocyclododecane type Q11173.
- Hexabromocyclododecane comment "Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD or HBCDD) is a brominated flame retardant. It consists of twelve carbon, eighteen hydrogen, and six bromine atoms tied to the ring. Its primary application is in extruded (XPS) and expanded (EPS) polystyrene foam that is used as thermal insulation in the building industry.".
- Hexabromocyclododecane label "Hexabromocyclododecane".
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Hexabromcyklododekan.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Hexabromcyclododecan.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Hexabromocyclododécane.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Hexabroomcyclododecaan.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs m.0h6q32.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Heksabromociklododekan.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs HBCD.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Heksabromociklododekan.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Q420301.
- Hexabromocyclododecane sameAs Q420301.
- Hexabromocyclododecane wasDerivedFrom Hexabromocyclododecane?oldid=671727661.
- Hexabromocyclododecane depiction Hexabromocyclododecane.svg.
- Hexabromocyclododecane isPrimaryTopicOf Hexabromocyclododecane.