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- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty abstract "Hemophilia figured prominently in the history of European royalty in the 19th and 20th centuries. Britain's Queen Victoria, through two of her five daughters (Princess Alice and Princess Beatrice), passed the mutation to various royal houses across the continent, including the royal families of Spain, Germany and Russia. Victoria's son Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany suffered from the disease. For this reason, haemophilia was once popularly called "the royal disease". Tests of the remains of the Romanov imperial family show that the specific form of haemophilia passed down by Queen Victoria was probably the relatively rare Haemophilia B.The sex-linked X chromosome disorder manifests almost entirely in males, although the gene for the disorder is located on the X chromosome and may be inherited from either mother or father. Expression of the disorder is much more common in males than in females. This is because, although the trait is recessive, males only inherit one X chromosome, from their mothers. Thus if the haemophilia gene is transmitted on it, there is no possibility for the male to inherit a haemophilia-free gene from his father to mask or dilute the symptoms. By contrast, a female who inherits a gene for haemophilia on one of her X chromosomes will also have inherited a second X chromosome from the other parent which is likely to carry a haemophilia-free gene that would prevent full expression of symptoms.Females who inherit the gene for Haemophilia A or B from both parents would be expected to manifest full symptoms, similar to those seen in affected males, but this is extremely rare. Despite frequent inter-marriage among royalty, no case of such double inheritance is known among Queen Victoria's descendants.Although an individual's haemophilia can usually be traced in the ancestry, in about 30% of cases there is no family history of the disorder and the condition is speculated to be the result of spontaneous mutation in an ancestor.Victoria appears to have been a spontaneous or de novo mutation and is usually considered the source of the disease in modern cases of haemophilia among royalty. Queen Victoria's father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, was not a haemophiliac, and the probability of her mother having had a lover who suffered from haemophilia is minuscule given the low life expectancy of 19th-century haemophiliacs. Her mother, Victoria, Duchess of Kent, was not known to have a family history of the disease, although it is possible that the mutation began at her conception and was passed down only to Victoria and not to her other children. In the same way, had Queen Victoria herself only had seven children, the mutation would probably be assumed today to have occurred at the conception of Princess Alice, as she was the only known carrier among Victoria and Albert's first seven children.Queen Victoria's eldest daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, apparently escaped the haemophilia gene as it did not appear in any of her matrilineal descendants. Victoria's fifth child, Helena, may or may not have been a carrier; two healthy sons survived to adulthood but two other sons died in infancy and her two daughters did not have issue. Victoria's sixth child, Louise, died without issue. Her sons King Edward VII, Alfred, and Arthur were not haemophiliacs. However, her daughters Alice and Beatrice were confirmed carriers of the gene, and her son Leopold was a sufferer of haemophilia, making his daughter Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone a carrier as well.".
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageExternalLink hemophilia.pdf.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageExternalLink I1.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageExternalLink QV_Descendants_Haemophilia.htm.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageID "4310201".
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageLength "15608".
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageOutDegree "79".
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageRevisionID "683338867".
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alexei_Nikolaevich,_Tsarevich_of_Russia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alfonso,_Prince_of_Asturias_(1907–1938).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alfonso_of_Spain,_Prince_of_Asturias.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Bolshevik.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Bolsheviks.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Category:European_royalty.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Category:Haemophilia_in_European_royalty.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Category:Modern_Europe.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Diphtheria.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Dominance_(genetics).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Don_(honorific).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Dynasty.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Edward_VII.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Factor_IX.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Genetic_carrier.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Fyodorovna.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Grand_Duchess_Maria_Nikolaevna_of_Russia_(1899–1918).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Haemophilia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Haemophilia_B.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Hemophilia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Hohenzollern.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Bourbon.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Hohenzollern.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Romanov.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Infanta_Beatriz_of_Spain.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Infanta_Maria_Cristina_of_Spain.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Infante_Gonzalo_of_Spain.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink King_Alfonso_XIII.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink King_Edward_VII.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Lady_May_Abel_Smith.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Lord_Leopold_Mountbatten.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Louis_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Mutation.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Nicholas_II_of_Russia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Nucleotide.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Phenotypic_trait.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Edward_Augustus,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Friedrich_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Heinrich_of_Prussia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1862–1929).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Henry_of_Prussia_(1900–1904).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Leopold_of_Battenberg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Louis_of_Battenberg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Maurice_of_Battenberg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Maurice_of_Teck.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Rupert_of_Teck.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1889-1945).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Prince_Waldemar_of_Prussia_(1889–1945).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Beatrice,_Princess_Henry_of_Battenberg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Elisabeth_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine_(1864–1918).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Helena_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Irene_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Marie_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Marie_of_Hesse_and_the_Rhine.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Sibilla_of_Luxembourg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Victoria_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Queen_Victoria.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink RNA_splicing.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Romanov.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Rupert_Cambridge,_Viscount_Trematon.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Russian_Revolution.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Russian_Revolution_of_1917.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Sex-linked.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Sex_linkage.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Shooting_of_the_Romanov_family.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Tonsillectomy.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Trait_(biology).
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Tsar_Nicholas_II.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Tsarevich_Alexei_of_Russia.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Victoria,_Princess_Royal.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink Victoria_Eugenie_of_Battenberg.
- Haemophilia_in_European_royalty wikiPageWikiLink World_War_I.