Matches in DBpedia 2015-10 for { <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Franco-Mongol_alliance> ?p ?o }
- Franco-Mongol_alliance abstract "Several attempts at a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Islamic caliphates, their common enemy, were made by various leaders among the Frankish Crusaders and the Mongol Empire in the 13th century. Such an alliance might have seemed an obvious choice: the Mongols were already sympathetic to Christianity, given the presence of many influential Nestorian Christians in the Mongol court. The Franks (Western Europeans and those in the Crusader States of the Levant) were open to the idea of support from the East, in part owing to the long-running legend of the mythical Prester John, an Eastern king in a magical kingdom who many believed would one day come to the assistance of the Crusaders in the Holy Land. The Franks and Mongols also shared a common enemy in the Muslims. However, despite many messages, gifts, and emissaries over the course of several decades, the often-proposed alliance never came to fruition.Contact between Europeans and Mongols began around 1220, with occasional messages from the papacy and European monarchs to Mongol leaders such as the Great Khan, and subsequently to the Ilkhans in Mongol-conquered Iran. Communications tended to follow a recurring pattern: the Europeans asked the Mongols to convert to Western Christianity, while the Mongols responded with demands for submission and tribute. The Mongols had already conquered many Christian and Muslim nations in their advance across Asia, and after destroying the Muslim Abbasid and Ayyubid dynasties, for the next few generations fought the remaining Islamic power in the region, the Egyptian Mamluks. Hethum I, king of the Christian nation of Cilician Armenia, had submitted to the Mongols in 1247, and strongly encouraged other monarchs to engage in a Christian-Mongol alliance, but was only able to persuade his son-in-law, Prince Bohemond VI of the Crusader State of Antioch, who submitted in 1260. Other Christian leaders such as the Crusaders of Acre were more mistrustful of the Mongols, perceiving them as the most significant threat in the region. The Barons of Acre therefore engaged in an unusual passive alliance with the Muslim Mamluks, allowing Egyptian forces to advance unopposed through Crusader territory to engage and defeat the Mongols at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.European attitudes began to change in the mid-1260s, from perceiving the Mongols as enemies to be feared, to potential allies against the Muslims. The Mongols sought to capitalize on this, promising a re-conquered Jerusalem to the Europeans in return for cooperation. Attempts to cement an alliance continued through negotiations with many leaders of the Mongol Ilkhanate in Iran, from its founder Hulagu through his descendants Abaqa, Arghun, Ghazan, and Öljaitü, but without success. The Mongols invaded Syria several times between 1281 and 1312, sometimes in attempts at joint operations with the Franks, but the considerable logistical difficulties involved meant that forces would arrive months apart, never able to coordinate activities in any effective way. The Mongol Empire eventually dissolved into civil war, and the Egyptian Mamluks successfully recaptured all of Palestine and Syria from the Crusaders. After the Fall of Acre in 1291, the remaining Crusaders retreated to the island of Cyprus. They made a final attempt to establish a bridgehead at the small island of Ruad off the coast of Tortosa, again in an attempt to coordinate military action with the Mongols, but the plan failed, and the Muslims responded by besieging the island. With the Fall of Ruad in 1302 or 1303, the Crusaders lost their last foothold in the Holy Land.Modern historians debate whether an alliance between the Franks and Mongols would have been successful in shifting the balance of power in the region, and if it would have been a wise choice on the part of the Europeans. Traditionally, the Mongols tended to see outside parties as either subjects or enemies, with little room in the middle for a concept such as an ally.".
- Franco-Mongol_alliance thumbnail OljeituToPhilippeLeBel1305.jpg?width=300.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=4ovTbDkRDOIC&pg=PA102.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=DmYeAuWUPK8C&pg=PA105.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=OCGuWrNyjiEC&pg=PA116.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC&pg=PA485.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=Xifq5OE7174C&pg=PA349.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=foS-y-ShWJ0C&pg=PA190.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=lKaL3_dfFJAC&pg=PA16.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=oGppfVJMKjsC&pg=PA45.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=v3AdA-Ogl34C&pg=PA123.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=yG9OqY08E98C&pg=249.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink books?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA136.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink france-index.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink ITA%20Texspi.pdf.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink PPA630,M1.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageExternalLink 7.2knobler.html.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageID "12963102".
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageLength "99235".
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageOutDegree "305".
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageRevisionID "683255824".
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Abaqa_Khan.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Abbasid_Caliphate.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Abu_Said_(Ilkhanid_dynasty).
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Abu_Said_Bahadur_Khan.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Acre,_Israel.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Al-‘Abbas_ibn_‘Abd_al-Muttalib.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Al_Mansur_Qalawun.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Alain_Demurger.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Aleppo.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Alexandria.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Amalric,_Prince_of_Tyre.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink American_Philosophical_Society.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink An-Nasir_Yusuf.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Andrew_of_Longjumeau.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Andronicus_II.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Andronikos_II_Palaiologos.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink André_de_Longjumeau.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Antioch.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Apamea,_Syria.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Arghun.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Armenian_Apostolic_Church.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Arwad.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Ascelin_of_Lombardia.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Assassins.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Ayyubid_dynasty.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Aïbeg_and_Serkis.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Bagras.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Baibars.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Baiju.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Baptism.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Bar_Hebraeus.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Basra.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Ain_Jalut.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Al_Mansurah.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_La_Forbie.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(1303).
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Shaqhab.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Wadi_al-Khazandar.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Beqaa_Valley.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Birecik.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Black_Death.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Blackwell_Publishing.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Bohemond_VII,_Count_of_Tripoli.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Bohemond_VI_of_Antioch.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Boydell_&_Brewer.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Brill_Publishers.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Brockhampton_Press.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Buddhism.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Buscarello_de_Ghizolfi.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Byzantine.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Byzantine_Empire.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Caliphate.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Cambridge_University_Press.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Carroll_&_Graf_Publishers.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Caspian_Sea.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Category:13th-century_military_alliances.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Category:13th_century_in_international_relations.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Category:Crusades.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_France.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Category:Medieval_France.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Category:Mongol_Empire.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Central_Asia.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Charles_VI_of_France.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Chimera_(mythology).
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Church_of_the_East.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Constantine_the_Great.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Continuum_International_Publishing_Group.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink County_of_Tripoli.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Crucifixion_of_Jesus.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Crusader_states.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Crusades.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Cum_non_solum.
- Franco-Mongol_alliance wikiPageWikiLink Cyprus.