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- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution abstract "The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments. The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War. The amendment was bitterly contested, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order for them to regain representation in Congress. The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution, forming the basis for landmark decisions such as Roe v. Wade (1973) regarding abortion, Bush v. Gore (2000) regarding the 2000 presidential election, and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) regarding same-sex marriage. The amendment limits the actions of all state and local officials, including those acting on behalf of such an official.The amendment's first section includes several clauses: the Citizenship Clause, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Due Process Clause, and Equal Protection Clause. The Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Supreme Court's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), which had held that Americans descended from African slaves could not be citizens of the United States. The Privileges or Immunities Clause has been interpreted in such a way that it does very little.The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without legislative authorization. This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy.The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision that precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation, and for many other decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups.The second, third, and fourth sections of the amendment are seldom litigated. However, the second section's reference to "rebellion and other crime" has been invoked as a constitutional ground for felony disenfranchisement. The fifth section gives Congress the power to enforce the amendment's provisions by "appropriate legislation". However, under City of Boerne v. Flores (1997), Congress's enforcement power may not be used to contradict a Supreme Court interpretation of the amendment.".
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageExternalLink 14.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageExternalLink 1501-1550.pdf.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageExternalLink 1607-1640.pdf.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageExternalLink amdt14toc_user.html.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageExternalLink 14thamendment.html.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageExternalLink freedmen-the-fourteenth-amendment-and-the-right.
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- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageRevisionID "680798668".
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Adamson_v._California.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Adkins_v._Childrens_Hospital.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Affirmative_action.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Afroyim_v._Rusk.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Akhil_Reed_Amar.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Alabama.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Alien_(law).
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Allgeyer_v._Louisiana.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink American_Civil_War.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Andrew_Johnson.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Apportionment_(politics).
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Arkansas.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Arthur_Goldberg.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink BMW_of_North_America,_Inc._v._Gore.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Baker_v._Carr.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Bancroft_Treaties.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Barron_v._Baltimore.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Benton_v._Maryland.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Berea_College_v._Kentucky.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Birth_control.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Birth_tourism.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Black_Codes_(United_States).
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Black_people.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Bolling_v._Sharpe.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Brown_v._Board_of_Education.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Bruce_Bartlett.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Buchanan_v._Warley.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Bush_v._Gore.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink California.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co..
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Category:1868_in_law.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Category:1868_in_the_United_States.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Category:Amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Category:Reconstruction_Era.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Category:United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Sumner.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Chicago,_Burlington_&_Quincy_Railroad_Co._v._City_of_Chicago.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Chicago,_Burlington_&_Quincy_Railroad_v._Chicago.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Chinese_American.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Chinese_Americans.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Citizenship_Clause.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink City_of_Boerne_v._Flores.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Civil_Rights_Cases.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Civil_and_political_rights.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Clarence_Thomas.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Coleman_v._Miller.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Confederate_States_of_America.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Conflict_of_interest.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Connecticut.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Corporate_personhood.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Craig_v._Boren.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Cultural_diversity.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Delaware.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Democratic_Party_(United_States).
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Desegregation_busing.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Dictum.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Dred_Scott_v._Sandford.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Due_Process_Clause.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Due_process.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Duncan_v._Louisiana.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Eisenstadt_v._Baird.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Elk_v._Wilkins.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Emancipation_Proclamation.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Engblom_v._Carey.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Equal_Protection_Clause.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Eric_Foner.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Erwin_Chemerinsky.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Espionage_Act.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Espionage_Act_of_1917.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Examining_Board_v._Flores_de_Otero.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Felony_disenfranchisement.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Fisher_v._University_of_Texas.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Florida.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Freedom_of_contract.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Freedom_of_movement.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Furman_v._Georgia.
- Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution wikiPageWikiLink Garrett_Epps.