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- Flatworm abstract "The flatworms, or Platyhelminthes, Plathelminthes, or platyhelminths (from the Greek πλατύ, platy, meaning "flat" and ἕλμινς (root: ἑλμινθ-), helminth-, meaning "worm") are a phylum of relatively simple bilaterian, unsegmented, soft-bodied invertebrates. Unlike other bilaterians, they are acoelomates (having no body cavity), and have no specialized circulatory and respiratory organs, which restricts them to having flattened shapes that allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through their bodies by diffusion. The digestive cavity has only one opening for both the ingestion (intake of nutrients) and egestion (removal of undigested wastes); as a result, the food cannot be processed continuously.In traditional medicinal texts, Platyhelminthes are divided into Turbellaria, which are mostly non-parasitic animals such as planarians, and three entirely parasitic groups: Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea; however, since the turbellarians have since been proven not to be monophyletic, this classification is now deprecated. Free-living flatworms are mostly predators, and live in water or in shaded, humid terrestrial environments such as leaf litter. Cestodes (tapeworms) and trematodes (flukes) have complex life-cycles, with mature stages that live as parasites in the digestive systems of fish or land vertebrates, and intermediate stages that infest secondary hosts. The eggs of trematodes are excreted from their main hosts, whereas adult cestodes generate vast numbers of hermaphroditic, segment-like proglottids which detach when mature, are excreted, and then release eggs. Unlike the other parasitic groups, the monogeneans are external parasites infesting aquatic animals, and their larvae metamorphose into the adult form after attaching to a suitable host.Because they do not have internal body cavities, Platyhelminthes were regarded as a primitive stage in the evolution of bilaterians (animals with bilateral symmetry and hence with distinct front and rear ends). However, analyses since the mid-1980s have separated out one subgroup, the Acoelomorpha, as basal bilaterians—closer to the original bilaterians than to any other modern groups. The remaining Platyhelminthes form a monophyletic group, one that contains all and only descendants of a common ancestor that is itself a member of the group. The redefined Platyhelminthes is part of the Lophotrochozoa, one of the three main groups of more complex bilaterians. These analyses had concluded the redefined Platyhelminthes, excluding Acoelomorpha, consists of two monophyletic subgroups, Catenulida and Rhabditophora, with Cestoda, Trematoda and Monogenea forming a monophyletic subgroup within one branch of the Rhabditophora. Hence, the traditional platyhelminth subgroup "Turbellaria" is now regarded as paraphyletic, since it excludes the wholly parasitic groups, although these are descended from one group of "turbellarians".Over half of all known flatworm species are parasitic, and some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second-most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria. Neurocysticercosis, which arises when larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium penetrate the central nervous system, is the major cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. The threat of platyhelminth parasites to humans in developed countries is rising because of the popularity of raw or lightly cooked foods, and imports of food from high-risk areas. In less developed countries, people often cannot afford the fuel required to cook food thoroughly, and poorly designed water-supply and irrigation projects increase the dangers presented by poor sanitation and unhygienic farming.Two planarian species have been used successfully in the Philippines, Indonesia, Hawaii, New Guinea, and Guam to control populations of the imported giant African snail Achatina fulica, which was displacing native snails. However, there is now concern that these planarians may themselves become a serious threat to native snails. In northwest Europe, there are concerns about the spread of the New Zealand planarian Arthurdendyus triangulatus, which preys on earthworms.".
- Flatworm thumbnail Bedfords_Flatworm.jpgwidth=300.
- Flatworm wikiPageExternalLink A0839338.html.
- Flatworm wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Flatworm wikiPageID "24151".
- Flatworm wikiPageLength "57092".
- Flatworm wikiPageOutDegree "330".
- Flatworm wikiPageRevisionID "683598013".
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Achatina_fulica.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Acoel.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Acoela.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Acoelomate.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Acoelomorph.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Acoelomorpha.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Adiaphanida.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Aedes_aegypti.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Animal.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Annelid.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Annelida.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Anus.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Arthropod.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Arthurdendyus_triangulatus.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Asexual_reproduction.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Australoplana_sanguinea.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Baltic_amber.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Basal_(phylogenetics).
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bilateria.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bilaterian.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Biochemistry.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Biological_membrane.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Biological_pest_control.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bivalve.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bivalvia.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bladder_cancer.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Blood.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Botanical_garden.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bothrioplanida.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Brachiopod.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Brachiopoda.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Brain.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Bryozoa.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Budding.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Carbohydrate.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Carl_Gegenbaur.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Carter_Center.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Category:Animal_phyla.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Category:Guadalupian_first_appearances.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Category:Platyhelminthes.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Catenulida.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cell_(biology).
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Central_nervous_system.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cercomeromorpha.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cestoda.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cestodaria.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cestode.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Chordate.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Chronic_condition.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Chronic_illness.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cilia.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cilium.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Circulatory_system.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Clamp_(zoology).
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cloning.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cnidaria.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cnidarian.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Coelom.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cognitive_development.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Collagen.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Concentration.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Concentration_(chemistry).
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Connective_tissue.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Convoluta_roscoffensis.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Copepod.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Coprolite.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Copulation.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Crustacea.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Crustacean.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Ctenophora.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Ctenophore.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Culex_pipiens.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Cuticle.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink DNA.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Definitive_host.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Dehydration.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Deuterostome.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Deuterostomia.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Dicyemida.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Diffusion.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Digenea.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Digestive_system.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Diphyllobothrium.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Diphyllobothrium_latum.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Drug_resistance.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Earthworm.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Ecdysozoa.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Echinoderm.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Elasmobranch.
- Flatworm wikiPageWikiLink Elasmobranchii.