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- Dole_effect abstract "The Dole effect, named after Malcolm Dole, describes an inequality in the ratio of the heavy isotope 18O (a "standard" oxygen atom with two additional neutrons) to the lighter 16O, measured in the atmosphere and seawater. This ratio is usually denoted δ18O.It was noticed in 1935 that air contained more 18O than seawater; this was quantified in 1975 to 23.5‰, but later refined as 23.88‰ in 2005. The imbalance arises mainly as a result of respiration in plants and in animals. Due to thermodynamics of isotope reactions, respiration removes the lighter — hence more reactive — 16O in preference to 18O, increasing the relative amount of 18O in the atmosphere.The inequality is balanced by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis emits oxygen with the same isotopic composition (i.e. the ratio between 18O and 16O) as the water (H2O) used in the reaction, which is independent of the atmospheric ratio. Thus when atmospheric 18O levels are high enough, photosynthesis will act as a reducing factor. However, as a complicating factor, the degree of fractionation (i.e. change in isotope ratio) occurring due to photosynthesis is not entirely dependent on the water drawn up by the plant, as fractionation can occur as a result of preferential evaporation of H216O - water bearing lighter oxygen isotopes, and other small but significant processes.".
- Dole_effect wikiPageExternalLink node3.html.
- Dole_effect wikiPageID "9936460".
- Dole_effect wikiPageLength "6311".
- Dole_effect wikiPageOutDegree "19".
- Dole_effect wikiPageRevisionID "662919385".
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Atmosphere.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Category:Climatology.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Category:Oxygen.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Category:Paleoclimatology.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Category:Photosynthesis.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Cellular_respiration.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Interglacial.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Isotope.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Isotopes_of_oxygen.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Malcolm_Dole.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Neutron.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen-18.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Photosynthesis.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Plant_respiration.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Respiration_(physiology).
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Thermodynamics.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLink Δ18O.
- Dole_effect wikiPageWikiLinkText "Dole effect".
- Dole_effect hasPhotoCollection Dole_effect.
- Dole_effect wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Clarify_span.
- Dole_effect wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Dead_link.
- Dole_effect wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Dole_effect subject Category:Climatology.
- Dole_effect subject Category:Oxygen.
- Dole_effect subject Category:Paleoclimatology.
- Dole_effect subject Category:Photosynthesis.
- Dole_effect type Element.
- Dole_effect type Science.
- Dole_effect comment "The Dole effect, named after Malcolm Dole, describes an inequality in the ratio of the heavy isotope 18O (a "standard" oxygen atom with two additional neutrons) to the lighter 16O, measured in the atmosphere and seawater. This ratio is usually denoted δ18O.It was noticed in 1935 that air contained more 18O than seawater; this was quantified in 1975 to 23.5‰, but later refined as 23.88‰ in 2005. The imbalance arises mainly as a result of respiration in plants and in animals.".
- Dole_effect label "Dole effect".
- Dole_effect sameAs m.02pxjpy.
- Dole_effect sameAs Q5288923.
- Dole_effect sameAs Q5288923.
- Dole_effect wasDerivedFrom Dole_effect?oldid=662919385.
- Dole_effect isPrimaryTopicOf Dole_effect.