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• Decompression_theory abstract "Decompression theory is the study and modelling of the transfer of the inert gas component of breathing gases from the gas in the lungs to the tissues and back during exposure to variations in ambient pressure. In the case of underwater diving and compressed air work, this mostly involves ambient pressures greater than the local surface pressure, but astronauts, high altitude mountaineers, and travellers in aircraft which are not pressurised to sea level pressure, are generally exposed to ambient pressures less than standard sea level atmospheric pressure. In all cases, the symptoms caused by decompression occur during or within a relatively short period of hours, or occasionally days, after a significant pressure reduction.The term "decompression" derives from the reduction in ambient pressure experienced by the organism and refers to both the reduction in pressure and the process of allowing dissolved inert gases to be eliminated from the tissues during this reduction in pressure.Gas is breathed at ambient pressure, and some of this gas dissolves into the blood and other fluids. Inert gas continues to be taken up until the gas dissolved in the tissues is in a state of equilibrium with the gas in the lungs, (see: "Saturation diving"), or the ambient pressure is reduced until the inert gases dissolved in the tissues are at a higher concentration than the equilibrium state, and start diffusing out again.The absorption of gases in liquids depends on the solubility of the specific gas in the specific liquid, the concentration of gas, customarily measured by partial pressure, and temperature. The main variable in the study of decompression theory is pressure.Once dissolved, distribution of the dissolved gas may be by diffusion, where there is no bulk flow of the solvent, or by perfusion where the solvent (blood) is circulated around the diver's body, where gas can diffuse to local regions of lower concentration. Given sufficient time at a specific partial pressure in the breathing gas, the concentration in the tissues will stabilise, or saturate, at a rate depending on the solubility, diffusion rate and perfusion.If the concentration of the inert gas in the breathing gas is reduced below that of any of the tissues, there will be a tendency for gas to return from the tissues to the breathing gas. This is known as outgassing, and occurs during decompression, when the reduction in ambient pressure or a change of breathing gas reduces the partial pressure of the inert gas in the lungs.The combined concentrations of gases in any given tissue will depend on the history of pressure and gas composition. Under equilibrium conditions, the total concentration of dissolved gases will be less than the ambient pressure, as oxygen is metabolised in the tissues, and the carbon dioxide produced is much more soluble. However, during a reduction in ambient pressure, the rate of pressure reduction may exceed the rate at which gas can be eliminated by diffusion and perfusion, and if the concentration gets too high, it may reach a stage where bubble formation can occur in the supersaturated tissues. When the pressure of gases in a bubble exceed the combined external pressures of ambient pressure and the surface tension from the bubble - liquid interface, the bubbles will grow, and this growth can cause damage to tissues. Symptoms caused by this damage are known as Decompression sickness.The actual rates of diffusion and perfusion, and the solubility of gases in specific tissues is not generally known, and it varies considerably. However mathematical models have been proposed which approximate the real situation to a greater or lesser extent, and these models are used to predict whether symptomatic bubble formation is likely to occur for a given pressure exposure profile.Two rather different concepts have been used for decompression modelling. The first assumes that dissolved gas is eliminated while in the dissolved phase, and that bubbles are not formed during asymptomatic decompression. The second, which is supported by experimental observation, assumes that bubbles are formed during most asymptomatic decompressions, and that gas elimination must consider both dissolved and bubble phases.Early decompression models tended to use the dissolved phase models, and adjusted them by more or less arbitrary factors to reduce the risk of symptomatic bubble formation. Dissolved phase models are of two main groups: Parallel compartment models, where several compartments with varying rates of gas absorption (half time), are considered to exist independently of each other, and the limiting condition is controlled by the compartment which shows the worst case for a specific exposure profile. These compartments represent conceptual tissues and are not intended to represent specific organic tissues, merely to represent the range of possibilities for the organic tissues. The second group uses serial compartments, where gas is assumed to diffuse through one compartment before it reaches the next.A recent variation on the serial compartment model is the Goldman interconnected compartment model (ICM).More recent models attempt to model bubble dynamics, also by simplified models, to facilitate the computation of tables, and later to allow real time predictions during a dive. The models used to approximate bubble dynamics are varied, and range from those which are not much more complex that the dissolved phase models, to those which require considerably greater computational power.None of the decompression models can be shown to be an accurate representation of the physiological processes, although interpretations of the mathematical models have been proposed which correspond with various hypotheses. They are all approximations which predict reality to a greater or lesser extent, and are acceptably reliable only within the bounds of calibration against collected experimental data.".
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Alveoli.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Ambient_pressure.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Atrial_septal_defect.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Bühlmann_decompression_algorithm.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Articles_created_via_the_Article_Wizard.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Decompression_equipment.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Diving_decompression.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Category:Scientific_theories.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Circulatory_system.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Concentration.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Decompression_(diving).
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Decompression_illness.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Decompression_practice.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Decompression_sickness.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Decompression_stop.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Deterministic_system.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Diffusion.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Dive_computer.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Divers_Alert_Network.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Diving_chamber.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Doppler_ultrasound.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Henrys_Law.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Henrys_law.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Histamine.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Histamines.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink History_of_decompression_research_and_development.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Hydrophobe.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Hydrophobic.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Hydrostatic_pressure.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Hydrostatics.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Inert_gas.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Lipid.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Metabolic_pathway.
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• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Metabolism.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Molecular_diffusion.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Nitrogen.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Nitrogen_narcosis.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Nitrox.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Objectivity_(science).
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Okinawa.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Okinawa_Prefecture.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Organic_solvents.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen_window_in_diving_decompression.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen_window_in_technical_diving.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Partial_pressure.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Patent_foramen_ovale.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Pearl_divers.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Pearl_hunting.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Perfusion.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Permeation.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Pressure.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Probability_theory.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Pulmonary_alveolus.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Qualitative_data.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Qualitative_property.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Risk.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Robert_Workman.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Saturation_(chemistry).
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Saturation_diving.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Shunt_(medical).
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Solubility.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Solvent.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Supersaturation.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Surface_tension.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Surfactant.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Swim-bladder.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Swim_bladder.
• Decompression_theory wikiPageWikiLink Systemic_circulation.

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