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- Cyclic_di-GMP abstract "Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by archaea, and has only been observed in eukaryotes in Dictyostelium. The biological role of cyclic di-GMP was first uncovered when it was identified as an allosteric activator of a cellulose synthase found in Gluconacetobacter xylinus in order to produce microbial cellulose.In structure, it is a cycle containing only two guanine bases linked by ribose and phosphate.In bacteria, certain signals are communicated by synthesizing or degrading cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP is synthesized by proteins with diguanylate cyclase activity. These proteins typically have a characteristic GGDEF motif, which refers to a conserved sequence of five amino acids. Degradation of cyclic di-GMP is effected by proteins with phosphodiesterase activity. These proteins have either an EAL or an HD-GYP amino acid motif. Processes that are known to be regulated using cyclic di-GMP, at least in some organisms, include biofilm formation, motility and induction of virulence factors.Cyclic di-GMP levels are regulated using a variety of mechanisms. Many proteins with GGDEF, EAL or HD-GYP domains are found with other domains that can receive signals, such as PAS domains. Enzymes that degrade or synthesize cyclic di-GMP are believed to be localized to specific regions of the cell, where they influence receivers in a restricted space. In Gluconacetobacter xylinus c-di-GMP stimulates the polymerization of glucose into cellulose as a high affinity allosteric activator of the enzyme cellulose synthase.Some diguanylate cyclase enzymes are allosterically inhibited by cyclic di-GMP. Cyclic di-GMP levels regulate other processes via a number of mechanisms. The Gluconacetobacter xylinus cellulose synthase is allosterically stimulated by cyclic di-GMP, presenting a mechanism by which cyclic di-GMP can regulate cellulose synthase activity. The PilZ domain has been shown to bind cyclic di-GMP and is believed to be involved in cyclic di-GMP-dependent regulation, but the mechanism by which it does this is unknown. Recent structural studies of PilZ domains from two bacterial species have demonstrated that PilZ domains change conformation drastically upon binding to cyclic di-GMP. This leads to the strong inference that conformational changes in PilZ domains allow the activity of targeted effector proteins (such as cellulose synthase) to be regulated by cyclic di-GMP. Riboswitches called the cyclic di-GMP-I riboswitch and cyclic di-GMP-II riboswitch regulate gene expression in response to cyclic di-GMP concentrations in a variety of bacteria, but not all bacteria that are known to use cyclic di-GMP.".
- Cyclic_di-GMP thumbnail Cyclic-di-gmp_wiki_jypx3_091210.png?width=300.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageID "17913100".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageLength "6914".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageOutDegree "26".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageRevisionID "670385472".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Amino_acid.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Archaea.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Bacteria.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Biofilm.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Category:Nucleotides.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Cyclic_di-AMP.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Cyclic_di-GMP-II_riboswitch.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Cyclic_di-GMP-I_riboswitch.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Dictyostelium.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Diguanylate_cyclase.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink EAL_domain.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Eukaryote.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Eukaryotes.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink GGDEF_domain.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Gluconacetobacter_xylinus.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Guanine.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Guanosine_monophosphate.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Microbial_cellulose.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Motility.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink PAS_domain.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Phosphate.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Phosphodiesterase.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Ribose.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Riboswitch.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Second_messenger.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Second_messenger_system.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLink Virulence.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLinkText "Cyclic di-GMP".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLinkText "c-di-GMP".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageWikiLinkText "cyclic di-GMP".
- Cyclic_di-GMP hasPhotoCollection Cyclic_di-GMP.
- Cyclic_di-GMP imagefile "cyclic-di-gmp_wiki_jypx3_091210.png".
- Cyclic_di-GMP imagesize "200".
- Cyclic_di-GMP othernames "180.0".
- Cyclic_di-GMP verifiedfields "changed".
- Cyclic_di-GMP verifiedrevid "448724790".
- Cyclic_di-GMP watchedfields "changed".
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Chembox.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Nucleobases,_nucleosides,_and_nucleotides.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Cyclic_di-GMP subject Category:Nucleotides.
- Cyclic_di-GMP hypernym Messenger.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Article.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalCompound.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalSubstance.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Person.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Article.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Nucleoside.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Organophosphate.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Organophosphate.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type ChemicalObject.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Thing.
- Cyclic_di-GMP type Q11173.
- Cyclic_di-GMP comment "Cyclic di-GMP (also called cyclic diguanylate and c-di-GMP) is a second messenger used in signal transduction in a wide variety of bacteria. Cyclic di-GMP is not known to be used by archaea, and has only been observed in eukaryotes in Dictyostelium.".
- Cyclic_di-GMP label "Cyclic di-GMP".
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs سیکلیک_دی-جیامپی.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Di-guanosine_monophosphate_cyclique.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Cyclisch_diguanylaat.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs m.047l9wj.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Ciklični_di-GMP.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Ciklični_di-GMP.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Q2649761.
- Cyclic_di-GMP sameAs Q2649761.
- Cyclic_di-GMP wasDerivedFrom Cyclic_di-GMP?oldid=670385472.
- Cyclic_di-GMP depiction Cyclic-di-gmp_wiki_jypx3_091210.png.
- Cyclic_di-GMP isPrimaryTopicOf Cyclic_di-GMP.