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- Cryofixation abstract "Cryofixation is a technique for fixation or stabilisation of biological materials as the first step in specimen preparation for electron microscopy. Typical specimens for cryofixation include small samples of plant or animal tissue, cell suspensions of microorganisms or cultured cells, suspensions of viruses or virus capsids and samples of purified macromolecules, especially proteins.The method involves ultra-rapid cooling of small samples to the temperature of liquid nitrogen (−196 °C) or below, stopping all motion and metabolic activity and preserving the internal structure by freezing all fluid phases solid. The ultimate objective is to freeze the specimen so rapidly (at 104 to 106 K per second) that ice crystals are unable to form, or are prevented from growing big enough to cause damage to the specimen's ultrastructure. The formation of samples containing specimens in amorphous ice is the holy grail of biological cryomicroscopy.However, in practice, it is very difficult to achieve high enough cooling rates to produce amorphous ice in specimens more than a few micrometres in thickness. For this purpose, plunging a specimen into liquid nitrogen at its boiling point (−196 °C) does not always freeze the specimen fast enough, for several reasons. First, the liquid nitrogen boils rapidly around the specimen forming a film of insulating N2 gas that slows heat transfer to the cryogenic liquid, known as the Leidenfrost effect. Cooling rates can be improved by pumping the liquid nitrogen with a rotary vane vacuum pump for a few dozen seconds before plunging the specimen into it. This lowers the temperature of the liquid nitrogen below its boiling point, so that when the specimen is plunged into it, it envelops the specimen closely for a brief period of time and extracts heat from it more efficiently. Even faster cooling can be obtained by plunging specimens into liquid propane or ethane (ethane has been found to be more efficient) cooled very close to their melting points using liquid nitrogen or by slamming the specimen against highly polished liquid nitrogen-cooled metal surfaces made of copper or silver. Secondly, two properties of water itself prevent rapid cryofixation in large specimens. The thermal conductivity of ice is very low compared with that of metals, and water releases of latent heat of fusion as it freezes, defeating rapid cooldown in specimens more than a few micrometres thick.Self pressurized rapid freezing (SPRF) which can utilize many different cryogens has recently been touted as an attractive and low cost alternative to high pressure freezing (HPF).".
- Cryofixation wikiPageID "18492176".
- Cryofixation wikiPageLength "4700".
- Cryofixation wikiPageOutDegree "29".
- Cryofixation wikiPageRevisionID "678766631".
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Amorphous_ice.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Animal.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Capsid.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Category:Microscopy.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Category:Scientific_techniques.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Cell_culture.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Copper.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Cultured_cells.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Electron_microscope.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Electron_microscopy.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Enthalpy_of_fusion.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Ethane.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Holy_Grail.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Holy_grail.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Ice_crystals.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Latent_heat_of_fusion.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Leidenfrost_effect.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Macromolecule.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Macromolecules.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Melting.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Melting_points.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Metal.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Metals.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Micrometre.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Micrometres.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Nitrogen.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Plant.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Propane.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Protein.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Proteins.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Rotary_vane_pump.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Rotary_vane_vacuum_pump.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Silver.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink State_of_matter.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Thermal_conductivity.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Tissue_(biology).
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Ultrastructure.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Virus.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Virus_capsids.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLink Viruses.
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLinkText "Cryofixation".
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLinkText "cryofixation".
- Cryofixation wikiPageWikiLinkText "cryofixed".
- Cryofixation hasPhotoCollection Cryofixation.
- Cryofixation wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Chem.
- Cryofixation wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Cryofixation subject Category:Microscopy.
- Cryofixation subject Category:Scientific_techniques.
- Cryofixation hypernym Technique.
- Cryofixation type Software.
- Cryofixation type Technique.
- Cryofixation comment "Cryofixation is a technique for fixation or stabilisation of biological materials as the first step in specimen preparation for electron microscopy.".
- Cryofixation label "Cryofixation".
- Cryofixation sameAs Mrazová_fixace.
- Cryofixation sameAs m.04f23wq.
- Cryofixation sameAs Q5190516.
- Cryofixation sameAs Q5190516.
- Cryofixation wasDerivedFrom Cryofixation?oldid=678766631.
- Cryofixation isPrimaryTopicOf Cryofixation.