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- Contestable_market abstract "In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, holds that there exist markets served by a small number of firms, which are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibria (and therefore desirable welfare outcomes) because of the existence of potential short-term entrants.A perfectly contestable market has three main features. It is a market that has - No entry or exit barriers No sunk costs Access to the same level of technology (to incumbent firms and new entrants)A perfectly contestable market is not possible in real life. Instead, we talk about the degree of contestability of a market. The more contestable a market the closer it will be to a perfectly contestable market.Economists argue that determining price and output is not actually dependent on the type of market structure, in other words whether it is a monopoly or perfectly competitive market, but rather the threat of competition.Hence, for example a monopoly protected by high barriers to entry (e.g. it owns all the strategic resources) will make supernormal or abnormal profits with no fear of competition. However, in this same case if it did not own the strategic resources for production then other firms could easily enter the market, leading to higher competition and thus lower prices, thus making the market more contestable.Sunk costs are those costs that cannot be recovered after a firm shuts down. For example a new firm enters the steel industry. For this, the entrant needs to buy new machinery. Now, if for any reason this new firm could not cope up with the competition of the incumbent firm then it will plan to move out of the market. However, if the new firm cannot use or transfer the new machines that it bought for the production of steel to other uses in another industry, then these fixed costs on machinery become sunk costs. Hence if there are sunk costs present in the market it impedes the first assumption of no exit barriers. Hence this market will not be contestable and no firms would enter the steel industry.It is very important for firms to have access to the same level of technology as that helps determine the average cost of the product. An incumbent firm having more knowledge and access to a technology for the production of a commodity could enjoy higher economies of scale in the form of lower average cost of production. A new firm entering the market, with insufficient information or technology, could incur a higher average cost of production, and therefore be unable to compete with the incumbent firm. This would lead to the incumbent firm enjoying monopoly power and supernormal profit in the market, as the new firm will exit the market. A solution to this problem could be governments providing equal access to knowledge and technology, as well as financial resources for the same.Its fundamental features are low barriers to entry and exit; in theory, a perfectly contestable market would have no barriers to entry or exit ("frictionless reversible entry" in economist William Brock's terms). Contestable markets are characterized by "hit and run" competition; if a firm in a contestable market raises its prices much beyond the average price level of the market, and thus begins to earn excess profits, potential rivals will enter the market, hoping to exploit the price level for easy profit. When the original incumbent firm(s) respond by returning prices to levels consistent with normal profits, the new firms will exit. Because of this, even a single-firm market can show highly competitive behavior.The applicability of the theory to real-world situations may be questioned, however, particularly as there are very few markets which are completely free of sunk costs and entry and exit barriers. Low-cost airlines remain a commonly referenced example of a contestable market; entrants have the possibility of leasing aircraft and should be able to respond to high profits by quickly entering and exiting. However, it is now generally admitted that Baumol's judgment that the US airline industry was therefore best left deregulated was incorrect, since the now duly deregulated industry is "well on its way" to evolving into a concentrated oligopoly. More generally, experimental evidence collected since the publication of Baumol's paper has suggested that perfectly competitive markets would - if they existed - behave in the way Baumol outlined, the performance of imperfectly contestable markets (i.e. real-world markets) depends "on actual rather than potential competition", perhaps in part due to the range of "strategic responses" available to incumbents that were not considered by Baumol as part of his theory.The theory of contestable markets has been used to argue for weaker application of antitrust laws, as simply observing a monopoly market may not prove that a firm is exploiting its market power to control the price level. Baumol himself argued based on the theory for both deregulation in certain industries and for more regulation in others.".
- Contestable_market wikiPageExternalLink 1831204.
- Contestable_market wikiPageExternalLink contestbk.pdf.
- Contestable_market wikiPageExternalLink index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1605:antitrust-by-alan-greenspan&catid=47:1998.
- Contestable_market wikiPageID "1048185".
- Contestable_market wikiPageLength "7681".
- Contestable_market wikiPageOutDegree "23".
- Contestable_market wikiPageRevisionID "604659365".
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Barriers_to_entry.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Barriers_to_exit.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Bertrand-Edgeworth_model.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Bertrand–Edgeworth_model.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Category:Markets_(customer_bases).
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Category:Monopoly_(economics).
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Coercive_monopoly.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Competition_law.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Economics.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Excess_profit.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink George_Stigler.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Market_(economics).
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Market_power.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Monopolistic_competition.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Oligopoly.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Perfect_competition.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Price_level.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Profit_(economics).
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Sunk_costs.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Theory_of_the_firm.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink Welfare_economics.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLink William_Baumol.
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLinkText "Contestable market".
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLinkText "contestability".
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLinkText "contestable market".
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLinkText "contestable".
- Contestable_market wikiPageWikiLinkText "non-contestable market".
- Contestable_market hasPhotoCollection Contestable_market.
- Contestable_market wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Citation_needed.
- Contestable_market wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Contestable_market subject Category:Markets_(customer_bases).
- Contestable_market subject Category:Monopoly_(economics).
- Contestable_market comment "In economics, the theory of contestable markets, associated primarily with its 1982 proponent William J. Baumol, holds that there exist markets served by a small number of firms, which are nevertheless characterized by competitive equilibria (and therefore desirable welfare outcomes) because of the existence of potential short-term entrants.A perfectly contestable market has three main features.".
- Contestable_market label "Contestable market".
- Contestable_market sameAs Mercats_disputats.
- Contestable_market sameAs Bestreitbarkeit.
- Contestable_market sameAs Mercados_disputados.
- Contestable_market sameAs Marché_contestable.
- Contestable_market sameAs Mercato_contendibile.
- Contestable_market sameAs Rynek_kontestowalny.
- Contestable_market sameAs Mercado_disputado.
- Contestable_market sameAs m.041fw9.
- Contestable_market sameAs Utmaningsbar_marknad.
- Contestable_market sameAs Q830650.
- Contestable_market sameAs Q830650.
- Contestable_market sameAs 可竞争市场.
- Contestable_market wasDerivedFrom Contestable_market?oldid=604659365.
- Contestable_market isPrimaryTopicOf Contestable_market.