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- Churl abstract "A churl (etymologically the same name as Charles / Carl and Old High German karal), in its earliest Old English (Anglo-Saxon) meaning, was simply "a man", but the word soon came to mean "a non-servile peasant", still spelled ċeorl(e), and denoting the lowest rank of freemen. According to the Oxford English Dictionary it later came to mean the opposite of the nobility and royalty, "a common person". Says Chadwick:This meaning held through the 15th century, but by then the word had taken on negative overtone, meaning "a country person" and then "a low fellow". By the 19th century, a new and pejorative meaning arose, "one inclined to uncivil or loutish behaviour" (cf. the pejorative sense of the term boor, whose original meaning of "country person" or "farmer" is preserved in Dutch and Afrikaans boer and German Bauer, although the latter has its own pejorative connotations such as those prompting its use as the name for the chess piece known in English as a pawn. Also the word villain - derived from Anglo-French and Old French and originally meaning "farmhand" - had gone through a similar process to reach at its present meaning).The ċeorles of Anglo-Saxon times lived in a largely free society, and one in which their fealty was principally to their king. Their low status is shown by their werġild ("man-price"), which over a large part of England was fixed at 200 shillings (one-sixth that of a theġn). Agriculture was largely community-based and communal in open-field systems. This freedom was eventually eroded by the increase in power of feudal lords and the manorial system. Some scholars argue however that anterior to the encroachment of the manorial system the ċeorles owed various services and rents to local lords and powers.In the North Germanic (Scandinavian) languages, the word Karl has the same root as churl and meant originally a "free man". As "housecarl", it came back to England. In German, Kerl is used to describe a somewhat rough and common man and is no longer in use as a synonym for a common soldier (die langen Kerls of Frederick the Great of Prussia). Rígsþula, a poem in the Poetic Edda, explains the social classes as originating from the three sons of Ríg: Thrall, Karl and Earl (Þræl, Karl and Jarl). This story has been interpreted in the context of the proposed trifunctional hypothesis of Proto-Indo-European society.Cognates to the word ceorle are frequently found in place names, throughout the Anglophone world, in towns such as Carlton and Charlton, meaning "the farm of the churls". Names such as Carl and Charles are derived from cognates of churl or ċeorle.While the word churl went down in the social scale, the first name derived from the same etymological source ("Karl" in German, "Charles" in French and English, "Carlos" in Spanish etc.) remained prestigious enough to be used frequently by many European royal families - owing originally to the fame of Charlemagne, to which was added that of later illustrious kings and emperors of the same name. Król, the Polish word for "king", is also derived from the same origin.".
- Churl wikiPageID "129916".
- Churl wikiPageLength "5026".
- Churl wikiPageOutDegree "60".
- Churl wikiPageRevisionID "666880315".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Agriculture.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Anglo-Norman_language.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Carl_(name).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Carlin_stone.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Carlos_(given_name).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Carlton.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Carlton_(disambiguation).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Category:Anglo-Saxon_society.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Category:Feudalism.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Ceorl.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Ceorl_(disambiguation).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Charlemagne.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Charles.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Charlton.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Charlton_(disambiguation).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Cognate.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Cognates.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Common_people.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Commoner.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Dutch_language.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Earl.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink England.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink English-speaking_world.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Fealty.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Feudalism.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Frederick_the_Great.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink German_language.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Germanic_languages.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Hector_Munro_Chadwick.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Housecarl.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Low_German.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Manorialism.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Monarch.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Nobility.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink North_Germanic_languages.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Old_English.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Old_French.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Old_High_German.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Oxford_English_Dictionary.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Pawn_(chess).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Peasant.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Pejorative.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Poetic_Edda.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Polish_language.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Potsdam_Giants.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Proto-Indo-European_society.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Prussia.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Royal_family.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Ríg_(Norse_god).
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Rígsþula.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Shilling.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Social_class.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Swedish_language.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Thegn.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Thrall.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Trifunctional_hypothesis.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Villain.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Weregild.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Wergild.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink West_Frisian_language.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLink Æthelstan.
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "''ceorl''".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ceorl".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "Churl".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "ceorl".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "churl".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "cierlisc".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "Ċearl".
- Churl wikiPageWikiLinkText "ċeorl".
- Churl hasPhotoCollection Churl.
- Churl wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Cquote.
- Churl wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Dubious.
- Churl wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Refimprove.
- Churl wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
- Churl wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Wiktionary.
- Churl subject Category:Anglo-Saxon_society.
- Churl subject Category:Feudalism.
- Churl type Article.
- Churl type Article.
- Churl comment "A churl (etymologically the same name as Charles / Carl and Old High German karal), in its earliest Old English (Anglo-Saxon) meaning, was simply "a man", but the word soon came to mean "a non-servile peasant", still spelled ċeorl(e), and denoting the lowest rank of freemen. According to the Oxford English Dictionary it later came to mean the opposite of the nobility and royalty, "a common person".".
- Churl label "Churl".
- Churl sameAs Kerl.
- Churl sameAs Kerel.
- Churl sameAs m.0z2v4.
- Churl sameAs Керлы.
- Churl sameAs Керли.
- Churl sameAs Q1739270.
- Churl sameAs Q1739270.
- Churl sameAs 下自由民.
- Churl wasDerivedFrom Churl?oldid=666880315.
- Churl isPrimaryTopicOf Churl.