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- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 abstract "Brigandage in Southern Italy had existed in some form since ancient times. However its origins as outlaws targeting random travellers would evolve vastly later on in the form of the political resistance movement. During the time of the Napoleonic conquest of the Kingdom of Naples, the first signs of political resistance brigandage came to public light, as the Bourbon loyalists of the country refused to accept the new Bonapartist rulers and actively fought against them until the Bourbon monarchy had been reinstated.In the upheaval of Sicily's transition out of feudalism in 1812, and the resulting lack of an effective government police force banditry became a serious problem in much of rural Sicily during the 19th-century. Rising food prices, the loss of public and church lands, and the loss of feudal common rights pushed many desperate peasants to banditry.With no police to call upon, local elites in countryside towns recruited young men into "companies-at-arms" to hunt down thieves and negotiate the return of stolen property, in exchange for a pardon for the thieves and a fee from the victims, a development that is often seen as the genesis of the Mafia. These companies-at-arms were often made up of former bandits and criminals, usually the most skilled and violent of them. While this saved communities the trouble of maintaining their own policemen, this may have made the companies-at-arms more inclined to collude with their former brethren rather than destroy them.After the conquest of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies in 1861 by the Kingdom of Sardinia (later Kingdom of Italy), the most famous and well known form of brigandage in the area emerged. Social unrest, especially among the lower classes, occurred due to poor conditions, and the fact that the Risorgimento benefited in the "Mezzogiorno" only the bourgeoisie vast-land owning classes. Many turned to brigandage in the mountains of Basilicata, Campania, Calabria and Abruzzo to continue the fight against the northern invaders. Amongst the brigands were a mixture of people, with different working backgrounds and motives, but the same desire to defeat the common enemy; the brigands included people who the Italian government considered criminals, many former soldiers and loyalists of the Bourbon army, but also nobles, poverty stricken farmers who had fled due to extortionate Italian taxes placed on them and peasants who wanted land reforms, both men and women took up arms.They launched attacks against the Italian authorities (who were regarded as foreigners) and the land owning upper-classes, coming to be viewed by many of the common people as Robin Hood like figures, some of them gained celebrity in the area via the spreading of their stories. Especially after passing the Legge Pica legislation in 1863, an extremely strong handed repression of the brigands by the Italian authorities picked up; it also allowed the execution of relatives and those suspected with collaborating or helping a brigand. Villages such as Pontelandolfo and Casalduni in the Province of Benevento are famous for the massacre of civilians by the so-called "Piedmontese" authorities. In total several thousand southerners were arrested and executed, while many more were deported or fled the country (see Italian diaspora).After the Italian Unification in 1861, unlike Southern Italy, brigandage was generally little in the other annexed states of northern and central Italy like: Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Papal States, because the situation of Southern Italy was very different, owing to the previous centuries of history and the Italian southern historian and politician Francesco Saverio Nitti, describes how Brigandage was endemic in Southern Italy already before 1860, using the following words from his book Eroi e briganti (Heroes and brigands), translated into English: « … every part of Europe has had brigands and criminals, that in war and misfortune time dominated the countryside, and put themselves out of the law […] but there was only one country in Europe where brigandage has existed we can say always […] a country where brigandage for many centuries can look like a huge river of blood and hates […] a country where for centuries monarchy based itself on brigandage, that became like a historical agent: this is the country of Midday » (from Italian “Mezzodì” or “Mezzogiorno” to mean the South of Italy, here referred to XIXth century) . In relation to the thesis which regards brigandage in southern Italy as a popular revolt against Italian unification or the House of Savoy, it is to be observed that after 1865-1870, when brigandage in the South ended, it was never followed up by any anti-Savoy or anti-unification movement. Many southern Italians held high positions in the new Italian government, such as the 11th Prime Minister of Italy Francesco Crispi. Italians from southern Italy would also go on to play a key role in the ultra-nationalist Fascist movement, most notably the so-called 'philosopher of Fascism' Giovanni Gentile. The thesis which regards the South as hostile to Savoy after the unification also does not explain the fact that with the birth of the Italian Republic, after the referendum of June 2, 1946, the south voted overwhelmingly in favor of the Savoy monarchy, while the north voted for a republic, and from 1946 to 1972 the monarchist parties (which merged into the Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity) gained acclaim especially in the South and in Naples (a city in which nearly 80% supported the Savoy monarchy).".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 causalties "(1861-1864)".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 causalties "24 POW/MIA".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 causalties "253 WIA".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 causalties "603 KIA incl. 21 Officers".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 combatant "(South Italian Brigands)".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 combatant "22pxKingdom of Italy".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 combatant "Briganti".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 commander Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 commander Carmine_Crocco.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 commander Enrico_Cialdini.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 commander Ninco_Nanco.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 isPartOfMilitaryConflict Italian_unification.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 place Southern_Italy.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 result "Unification victory".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 thumbnail Giovanni_Fattori_-_Episodio_della_campagna_contro_il_brigantggio_1864.jpg?width=300.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageExternalLink books?id=I6lCAAAAIAAJ&dq=Brigand+Life+in+Italy:+A+History+of+Bourbonist+Reaction&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageExternalLink excerpt.
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- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageID "16963918".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageLength "9820".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageOutDegree "65".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageRevisionID "679256045".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Abruzzo.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Basilicata.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Bourgeoisie.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Brigandage.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Calabria.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Campania.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Capital_punishment.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Carmine_Crocco.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Casalduni.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Italian_brigandage.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Category:Risorgimento.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Celebrity.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Common_rights.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Deportation.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Deported.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Duchy_of_Modena.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Duchy_of_Parma.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Enrico_Cialdini.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Executed.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Feudalism.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink File:Briganti_1862_from_Bisaccia.jpg.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Francesco_Crispi.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Francesco_Saverio_Nitti.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Giovanni_Gentile.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Bourbon.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink House_of_Savoy.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Individual_and_group_rights.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italian_Democratic_Party_of_Monarchist_Unity.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italian_Fascism.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italian_Republic.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italian_Unification.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italian_diaspora.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italian_unification.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Italy.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Kingdom_of_Italy.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Kingdom_of_Lombardy-Venetia.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Kingdom_of_Lombardy–Venetia.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Kingdom_of_Naples.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Kingdom_of_Sardinia.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Land_reform.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Land_reforms.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Legislation.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Mezzogiorno.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Mountain.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Napoleon.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Napoleonic.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Nicola_Napolitano_(brigand).
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Ninco_Nanco.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Nobility_of_Italy.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Outlaw.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Papal_States.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Piedmont.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Pontelandolfo.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Poverty.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Province_of_Benevento.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Resistance_movement.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Risorgimento.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Robin_Hood.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Sicilian_Mafia.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Southern_Italy.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Tax.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink Taxes.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink File:Briganti_Volonnino.JPG.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946).svg.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLink File:Giovanni_Fattori_-_Episodio_della_campagna_contro_il_brigantggio_1864.jpg.
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 wikiPageWikiLinkText "Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 caption "An episode of the Brigantaggio in 1864".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 casualties "1038".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 casualties "24".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 casualties "2413".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 casualties "253".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 casualties "2768".
- Brigandage_in_Southern_Italy_after_1861 casualties "603".