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- Annelid abstract "The annelids (Annelida, from Latin anellus, "little ring"), also known as the ringed worms or segmented worms, are a large phylum, with over 17,000 extant species including ragworms, earthworms, and leeches. The species exist in and have adapted to various ecologies through natural selection; some in marine environments as distinct as tidal zones and hydrothermal vents, others in fresh water, and yet others in moist terrestrial environments.The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Although most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species, research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.The basic annelid form consists of multiple segments. Each segment has the same sets of organs and, in most polychaetes, has a pair of parapodia that many species use for locomotion. Septa separate the segments of many species, but are poorly defined or absent in others, and Echiura and Sipuncula show no obvious signs of segmentation. In species with well-developed septa, the blood circulates entirely within blood vessels, and the vessels in segments near the front ends of these species are often built up with muscles that act as hearts. The septa of such species also enable them to change the shapes of individual segments, which facilitates movement by peristalsis ("ripples" that pass along the body) or by undulations that improve the effectiveness of the parapodia. In species with incomplete septa or none, the blood circulates through the main body cavity without any kind of pump, and there is a wide range of locomotory techniques – some burrowing species turn their pharynges inside out to drag themselves through the sediment.Although many species can reproduce asexually and use similar mechanisms to regenerate after severe injuries, sexual reproduction is the normal method in species whose reproduction has been studied. The minority of living polychaetes whose reproduction and lifecycles are known produce trochophore larvae, that live as plankton and then sink and metamorphose into miniature adults. Oligochaetes are full hermaphrodites and produce a ring-like cocoon around their bodies, in which the eggs and hatchlings are nourished until they are ready to emerge.Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.Since annelids are soft-bodied, their fossils are rare – mostly jaws and the mineralized tubes that some of the species secreted. Although some late Ediacaran fossils may represent annelids, the oldest known fossil that is identified with confidence comes from about 518 million years ago in the early Cambrian period. Fossils of most modern mobile polychaete groups appeared by the end of the Carboniferous, about 299 million years ago. Palaeontologists disagree about whether some body fossils from the mid Ordovician, about 472 to 461 million years ago, are the remains of oligochaetes, and the earliest indisputable fossils of the group appear in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago.".
- Annelid thumbnail Nerr0328.jpg?width=300.
- Annelid wikiPageExternalLink Annelid-Fossils.htm.
- Annelid wikiPageExternalLink www.agromedic.com.
- Annelid wikiPageExternalLink www.tafi.org.au.
- Annelid wikiPageExternalLink index.html.
- Annelid wikiPageID "43116674".
- Annelid wikiPageLength "75927".
- Annelid wikiPageOutDegree "435".
- Annelid wikiPageRevisionID "681662691".
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Acanthocephala.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Aciculata.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Acoela.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Acoelomorpha.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Aeolosomatidae.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Aerobic_organism.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink American_Robin.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink American_robin.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Ammonia.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Angling.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Animal_locomotion.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Annelid.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Annelida.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Anti-inflammatory.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Anticoagulant.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Anus.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Apical_tuft.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Aquaculture.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Archiannelida.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Arthropod.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Arthropoda.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Asexual_reproduction.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Aulophorus.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Axon.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Bacteria.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Badger.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Basal_(phylogenetics).
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Bilateria.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Bilaterian.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Biomineralising_polychaetes.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Biomineralization.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Blood-letting.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Blood_plasma.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Blood_vessel.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Bloodletting.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Body_fossil.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Brachiopod.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Brachiopoda.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Brain.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Branchiobdellida.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Bryozoa.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Bryzoa.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Budding.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Burgess_Shale.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Burgessochaeta.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Burrow.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink CITES.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Calcium.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cambrian.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Camera_eye.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Canadia_(genus).
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Canalipalpata.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Capillary.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Carbon_dioxide.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Carboniferous.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Category:Animal_phyla.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Category:Annelids.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Category:Articles_containing_video_clips.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Category:Early_Ordovician_first_appearances.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cell_(biology).
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Central_nervous_system.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chaeta.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chaetopterus.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Charles_Darwin.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chemoreceptor.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chemosensor.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chitin.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chloragogen_cell.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chlorocruorin.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Chordate.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cilia.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cilium.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Circulatory_system.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cirrus_(biology).
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cladistics.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Class_(biology).
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cleavage_(embryo).
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Clitellata.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Clitellate.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Clitellum.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cloudina.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cloudinid.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cnidaria.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Cnidarian.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Coelom.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Collagen.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Compound_eye.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Connective_tissue.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Convergent_evolution.
- Annelid wikiPageWikiLink Copulate.