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- American_Civil_War abstract "The American Civil War, widely known in the United States as simply the Civil War as well as other sectional names, was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 to determine the survival of the Union or independence for the Confederacy. Among the 34 states in January 1861, seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy, often simply called the South, grew to include eleven states, and although they claimed thirteen states and additional western territories, the Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by a foreign country. The states that remained loyal and did not declare secession were known as the Union or the North. The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. After four years of combat, which left over 600,000 Union and Confederate soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed and slavery was abolished. Then began the Reconstruction and the processes of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves.In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories, something the Southern states viewed as a violation of their constitutional rights and as being part of a plan to eventually abolish slavery. The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a majority of the electoral votes, and Lincoln was elected the first Republican president, but before his inauguration on March 4, 1861, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to secede had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, a total of 48.8% for the six. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln's inaugural address declared his administration would not initiate civil war. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession. Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy. Efforts at compromise failed, and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on "King Cotton" that they would intervene; none did and none recognized the new Confederate States of America.Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter. While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies and seized New Orleans. The 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lee's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea. The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee’s escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865. While the military war ended, the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years of the Reconstruction Era.The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties. One estimate of the death toll is that ten percent of all Northern males 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18–40 died. From 1861 to 1865 about 620,000 soldiers lost their lives.".
- American_Civil_War causalties "112,000 killed in action/died of wounds".
- American_Civil_War causalties "25,000 died in Confederate prisons".
- American_Civil_War causalties "282,000 wounded".
- American_Civil_War causalties "365,000 total dead".
- American_Civil_War commander Abraham_Lincoln.
- American_Civil_War commander David_Farragut.
- American_Civil_War commander George_B._McClellan.
- American_Civil_War commander Jefferson_Davis.
- American_Civil_War commander Joseph_E._Johnston.
- American_Civil_War commander Raphael_Semmes.
- American_Civil_War commander Robert_E._Lee.
- American_Civil_War commander Stonewall_Jackson.
- American_Civil_War commander Ulysses_S._Grant.
- American_Civil_War commander William_Tecumseh_Sherman.
- American_Civil_War date "1861-04-12".
- American_Civil_War date "1865-06-22".
- American_Civil_War place Atlantic_Ocean.
- American_Civil_War place Northeastern_United_States.
- American_Civil_War place Southern_United_States.
- American_Civil_War place Western_United_States.
- American_Civil_War result "* Beginning of theReconstruction Era".
- American_Civil_War result "* Destruction and dissolution of theConfederate States".
- American_Civil_War result "*Slaveryabolished".
- American_Civil_War result "*Territorial integritypreserved".
- American_Civil_War result "Unionvictory".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Confederate Army".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Confederate Marines".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Confederate Navy".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Revenue Service".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Union Army".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Union Marines".
- American_Civil_War strength "*Union Navy".
- American_Civil_War strength "1,064,000:".
- American_Civil_War strength "2,100,000:".
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