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- James_M._Honeycutt abstract "James M. Honeycutt is a Distinguished Professor of Communication Studies at the Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge, internationally known for his work in relationship scripts and daydreaming, particularly imagined interaction conflict-linkage theory which explains why it is hard to forget old arguments and relational scripts for the development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. Instead, conflict may fester within the human mind as people imagine retribution that may or may not occur. One of the common characteristics of imagined interactions is "discrepancy" where conversations that are imagined in the mind may be quite different from what actually happens in verbal discourse. For example, there is high discrepancy if you imagine that your boss will chastise you for being late in meeting a deadline; but then he/she tells you that they understand the delay because of other pending matters. Research has shown that discrepancy is associated with chronic loneliness and lack of satisfaction in interpersonal relationships.Honeycutt received a Ph.D. in Communication with a complementary emphasis in social/clinical psychology from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1987. He has been the recipient of numerous research awards including the Distinguished Book of the Year in 2006 by the social cognition division of the National Communication Association for his initial book on imagined interactions. He was the recipient of 2011 LSU Rainmakers Senior Scholar Award in the humanities, social, and behavioral sciences for sustained research productivity over a 25-year period as well as being designated the Outstanding Scholar in Communication Theory by the Southern States Communication Association in 2013. He was the recipient of the 2012 LSU Distinguished Faculty Award for scholarship, teaching, and service in the humanities and social sciences which recognizes a sustained record of excellence in research, teaching, and/or service. He received his M.S. from Purdue University in 1981 with a supplemental emphasis in social psychology and graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with honors in 1979 with a B.S. degree. He is the author of several books on the subjects of relationships and imagined interactions. Honeycutt created the Matchbox Interaction Lab (the name was coined by students because some conflict discussions are measured) at LSU in 2007 where individuals, couples, and groups discuss a variety of topics, have their heart rates measured, and receive communication tips to enhance communication competence. Research reveals increased heart-rate variability among some people when imagining discussing sensitive issues with a relational partner.Honeycutt teaches classes at LSU focusing on emotion and communication, interpersonal conflict, relationships, family dynamics, intercultural communication, emotions, and imagined interactions. He is a member of a number of social science journal editorial boards. Honeycutt has lectured throughout the U. S. and Thailand to academic and business groups. He is known for imagined interaction (II) conflict-linkage theory which consists of three axioms and 9 theorems. The theory explains why it is hard to forget old arguments, let alone forgive those whom the arguments were with. Individuals can become caught in an absorbing state of resentment in these cases. It is based on the assumption that individuals ruminate about conflicts as they are exposed to daily reminders (e.g., songs, media messages, other people that remind us of the source of the conflict) of pent-up grievances. There a number of methods that help manage daily conflict including compensation as individuals may not be in a position to enact revenge or retribution. Hence, they may feel catharsis by imagining discrepant scenarios that relieve tension or anxiety. Beginning with Volume 29 in the fall of 2009, Honeycutt is co-editor of the interdisciplinary journal Imagination, Cognition and Personality with Robert G. Kunzendorf of the University of Massachusetts, Lowell that is produced by Baywood Publishing. This pioneering journal explores uncharted scientific territory and creative research-based clinical interventions. Articles examine the stream of consciousness and the flow of human experience in relationship to human development and behavior, imagery and creativity, fantasy and imagination, brain structure and function, aesthetics and the humanities, and social and cultural influences. A variety of authorities examine the uses of imagery, fantasy and other resources of consciousness in psychotherapy, communication, relationships, behavior modification, hypnosis, medicine, education, and other applied fields.Major Research Programs1. Relational Scripts (Individuals have expectations and cognitive scripts for different types of relationships including online relationships including facebook, blogging, intimate offline or face-to-face relationships, work, family, etcetera. He endorses the classical work of Wish, Duetsch, & Kaplan (1976) in which there are four universal, bipolar dimensions that all relationships are based on: 1) cooperative/friendly vs competitive/hostile, 2) vs unequal, 3) intense vs superficial and 4) socioemotional/informal vs task-oriented/formal. 2. Imagined Interaction Theory designed to explain the attributes and functions of intrapersonal communication. Imagined interactions are a type of social cognition and mental imagery theoretically grounded in symbolic interactionism and cognitive script theory, in which individuals imagine conversations with significant others for a variety of purposes (Honeycutt, 2003; 2010). Honeycutt and Bryan (2011) have discussed how cognitive scripts are a type of automatic pilot providing guidelines for how to act when encountering new situations. Scripts are activated mindlessly and created through imagined interactions, as people envision contingency plans for actions. In contrast to mindless processing, engaging in imagined interaction requires conscious cognitive processing. Imagined interactions are a type of daydreaming that have definitive attributes and serve a number of functions including rehearsal, self-understanding, relational maintenance, managing conflict, catharsis, and compensation. Retroactive imagined interactions often occur in television shows in terms of “flashbacks” as characters relive prior conversations in their mind.3. Imagined Interaction Conflict Theory explains the motivation for revenge, not being to forget old arguments, and why time-out does not work (Honeycutt, 2004; 2010). The table of applied findings below shows rules for constructive arguing in terms of signaling positive understanding, rationality, consideration, and conciseness while in an argument with someone that you disagree with.4. NV immediacy and social control cues—A research program that began at Illinois and resulted in numerous, early publications. When people are expected to interact with unfriendly people, they can subliminally influence the responses of others by using nonverbal, immediacy cues in order to create a more palatable conversation (e.g., smiling, eye gaze, talk initiation, pseudoagreements such as “uh-hum,” “yes”) hoping the other person will reciprocate (Honeycutt, 1989; 1992; 1995). Critical cues are mutual eye gaze as opposed to unilateral or no gaze. Witness the eye gaze of Claire and Cliff Huxtable of the old Cosby Show. Claire is the leader of the family even though Cliff talks more. Applied Findings Regarding “Rules for How to Argue"Following is a list of rules that couples endorse in terms of how to argue more constructively. These rules have been confirmed in Australia and America (Honeycutt, Woods, & Fontenot, 1993; Jones & Gallois, 1989). A technique known as factor analysis revealed four underlying rules for constructive arguing: showing positive understanding, being rationale, concise, and showing consideration characterize happy relationships more than unhappy relationships when persons are arguing. The higher the factor loading in parentheses the more important that rule is in portraying the underlined factor. How many of these examples you do?Positive UnderstandingShould be able to say you are sorry (.81)Resolve problem so both are happy (.79) Support and praise your partner where due (.69)Listen to your partner (.67)See your partner's viewpoint (.64)Be honest & say what is on your mind (.63)Should look at each other (.57)Explore alternatives (.55)Make joint decisions (.55)Don't dismiss your partner’s issue as unimportant (.55)RationalityDon't get angry (.85)Shouldn't argue (.75)Don't raise voice (.72)Avoid combative issues (.60)Don't lose your temper or be aggressive (.58)Try to remain calm and not get upset (.52)ConcisenessBe specific, don't generalize (.68)Be consistent (.66)Keep to the main point (.63)Clarify the problem (.59)ConsiderationDon't talk too much (.69)Don't make your partner feel guilty (.66)Don't push your view as the only one (.65)Don't mimic or be sarcastic to your partner (.62)Understand other's faults & don’t be judgmental (.62)Don't talk down to your partner (.55) Acronym for Effective Listening and CommunicationL – Listen, O- Observe, V-Verify, E- Express".
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