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- Q1498317 subject Q7308346.
- Q1498317 abstract "Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also known as "counter-current" or "counter current" chromatography) is an analytical chemistry technique that is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. In its broadest sense, countercurrent chromatography encompasses a collection of related liquid chromatography techniques that employ two immiscible liquid phases without a solid support. The two liquid phases come in contact with each other as at least one phase is pumped through a column, a hollow tube or a series of chambers connected with channels, which contains both phases. The resulting dynamic mixing and settling action allows the components to be separated by their respective solubilities in the two phases. A wide variety of two phase solvent systems consisting of at least two immiscible liquids may be employed to provide the proper selectivity for the desired separation.Countercurrent chromatography and related liquid-liquid separation techniques have been used on both industrial and laboratory scale to purify a wide variety of chemical substances. Separation realizations include proteins, DNA,antibiotics, vitamins, natural products, pharmaceuticals, metal ions, pesticides, enantiomers, polyaromatic hydrocarbons from environmental samples, active enzymes, and carbon nanotubes. Countercurrent chromatography is known for its high dynamic range of scalability: milligram to kilogram quantities purified chemical components may be obtained with this technique. It also has the advantage of accommodating chemically complex samples with undissolved particulates.Some types of countercurrent chromatography, such as dual flow CCC, feature a true countercurrent process where the two immiscible phases flow past each other and exit at opposite ends of the column. More often, however, one liquid acts as the stationary phase and is retained in the column while the mobile phase is pumped through it. The liquid stationary phase is held in place by gravity or by centrifugal force. An example of a gravity method is called droplet counter current chromatography (DCCC). There are two modes by which the stationary phase is retained by centrifugal force: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic. In the hydrostatic method, the column, a series of chambers connected by channels, is rotated about a central axis. Hydrostatic instruments are marketed under the name centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). Hydrodynamic instruments are often marketed as high-speed or high-performance countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC and HPCCC respectively) instruments which rely on the Archimedes' screw force in a helical coil to retain the stationary phase in the column.The components of a CCC system are similar to most liquid chromatography configurations such as HPLC. One or more pumps deliver the phases to the column which is the CCC instrument itself. Samples are introduced into the column through a sample loop filled with as automated or manual syringe. The outflow is monitored with various detectors such as UV-vis or Mass Spectrometry. The operation of the pumps, CCC instrument, sample injection, and detection may controlled manually or with a microprocessor.".
- Q1498317 thumbnail Partitioning_coefficient_(Kd).jpg?width=300.
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- Q1498317 comment "Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also known as "counter-current" or "counter current" chromatography) is an analytical chemistry technique that is used to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical components of a mixture. In its broadest sense, countercurrent chromatography encompasses a collection of related liquid chromatography techniques that employ two immiscible liquid phases without a solid support.".
- Q1498317 label "Countercurrent chromatography".
- Q1498317 depiction Partitioning_coefficient_(Kd).jpg.