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• Type_II_supernova abstract "A Type II supernova (plural: supernovae or supernovas) results from the rapid collapse and violent explosion of a massive star. A star must have at least 8 times, and no more than 40–50 times, the mass of the Sun (M☉) for this type of explosion. It is distinguished from other types of supernovae by the presence of hydrogen in its spectrum. Type II supernovae are mainly observed in the spiral arms of galaxies and in H II regions, but not in elliptical galaxies.Stars generate energy by the nuclear fusion of elements. Unlike the Sun, massive stars possess the mass needed to fuse elements that have an atomic mass greater than hydrogen and helium, albeit at increasingly higher temperatures and pressures, causing increasingly shorter stellar life spans. The degeneracy pressure of electrons and the energy generated by these fusion reactions are sufficient to counter the force of gravity and prevent the star from collapsing, maintaining stellar equilibrium. The star fuses increasingly higher mass elements, starting with hydrogen and then helium, progressing up through the periodic table until a core of iron and nickel is produced. Fusion of iron or nickel produces no net energy output, so no further fusion can take place, leaving the nickel-iron core inert. Due to the lack of energy output creating outward pressure, equilibrium is broken and the core is compressed by the overlying mass of the star.When the compacted mass of the inert core exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit of about 1.4 M☉, electron degeneracy is no longer sufficient to counter the gravitational compression. A cataclysmic implosion of the core takes place within seconds. Without the support of the now-imploded inner core, the outer core collapses inwards under gravity and reaches a velocity of up to 23% of the speed of light and the sudden compression increases the temperature of the inner core to up to 100 billion kelvin. Neutrons and neutrinos are formed via reversed beta-decay, releasing about 1046 joules (100 foe) in a ten-second burst. The collapse of the inner core is halted by neutron degeneracy, causing the implosion to rebound and bounce outward. The energy of this expanding shock wave is sufficient to disrupt the overlying stellar material and accelerate it to escape velocity, forming a supernova explosion. The shock wave and extremely high temperature and pressure rapidly dissipate but are present for long enough to allow for a brief period during which theproduction of elements heavier than iron occurs. Depending on initial size of the star, the remnants of the core form a neutron star or a black hole. Because of the underlying mechanism, the resulting nova is also described as a core-collapse supernova.There exist several categories of Type II supernova explosions, which are categorized based on the resulting light curve—a graph of luminosity versus time—following the explosion. Type II-L supernovae show a steady (linear) decline of the light curve following the explosion, whereas Type II-P display a period of slower decline (a plateau) in their light curve followed by a normal decay. Type Ib and Ic supernovae are a type of core-collapse supernova for a massive star that has shed its outer envelope of hydrogen and (for Type Ic) helium. As a result, they appear to be lacking in these elements.".
• Type_II_supernova thumbnail HST_SN_1987A_20th_anniversary.jpg?width=300.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageID "11009033".
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageLength "39785".
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageOutDegree "172".
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageRevisionID "707487331".
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink 1997cy.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink 1997ef.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Absolute_magnitude.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Aluminium.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Argon.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Astrophysics.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_mass.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Atomic_nucleus.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Baksan_Neutrino_Observatory.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Balmer_series.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Beta_decay.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Binary_star.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Binding_energy.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Black_hole.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Brady_Haran.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Calcium.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Carbon.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Carbon-burning_process.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Cassiopeia_A.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Category:Supernovae.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Chandrasekhar_limit.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Cobalt.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Computer_simulation.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Convective_overturn.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Degenerate_matter.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Density.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Electron.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Electron_capture.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Electronvolt.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Elementary_particle.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Elliptical_galaxy.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Endothermic_process.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Energy_level.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Exothermic_process.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Fermion.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink File:HST_SN_1987A_20th_anniversary.jpg.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Fluid_dynamics.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Foe_(unit).
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Frequency.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Fundamental_interaction.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Galaxy.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Gallium.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Gamma-ray_burst.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Gamma_ray.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Gravity.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink H_II_region.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Helium.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink History_of_supernova_observation.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Hydrogen.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Hydrostatic_equilibrium.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Hypernova.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Implosion_(mechanical_process).
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Ionization.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Iron.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Irvine–Michigan–Brookhaven_(detector).
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Joule.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Kamioka_Observatory.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Kelvin.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Lepton_number.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Light_curve.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Linearity.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Luminous_blue_variable.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Magnesium.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Matter.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Neon.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Neon-burning_process.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Neutrino.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Neutrino_oscillation.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Neutron.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Neutron_star.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Nickel.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_force.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Nuclear_fusion.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Opacity_(optics).
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Optical_depth.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Oxygen-burning_process.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Pair-instability_supernova.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Particle_accelerator.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Particle_physics.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Pauli_exclusion_principle.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Photodisintegration.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Plateau.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Potential_energy.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Pressure.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Proton.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Quark_star.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink SN_1987A.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink SN_1993J.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink SN_1998S.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink SN_2005gl.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink SN_2006gy.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Shock_wave.
• Type_II_supernova wikiPageWikiLink Silicon.

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