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• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) abstract "The Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 (Portuguese: Acordo Luso-Chinês de 1554) was a trade agreement between the Portuguese headed by Leonel de Sousa, and the authorities of Guangzhou headed by the Provincial Admiral (海道副使; haitao in European sources) Wang Bo (汪柏), which allowed for the legalization of Portuguese trade in China by paying taxes. It opened a new era in Sino-Portuguese relations, as Portuguese were then officially barred from trading in the region. In 1517 an embassy led by Fernão Pires de Andrade to the Ming court failed and, after conflicts in 1521 and 1522, trade was conducted as smuggling and was fought by the authorities, who considered Portuguese to be \"Folangji\" (Frankish) pirates.Leonel de Sousa, Captain-Major of the voyage to Japan, had reached the coast of Guangdong in 1552, where he learned that all foreigners could trade through the payment of taxes to the Chinese, except the \"Folanji\" including Portuguese, then considered as pirates. He then asked that they comply with the assumptions of peace and payment of taxes, pledging to change this \"name\".In 1554 Leonel de Sousa made an agreement with Guangzhou's officials to legalize the Portuguese trade, on condition of paying certain customs duties. The single surviving written evidence of this agreement is a letter from Leonel de Sousa to Infante Louis, king John III's brother, dated 1556, which states that the Portuguese undertook to pay the fees and were not to erect fortifications. The letter, one of the most important documents in the history of Sino-Portuguese relations, describes the protracted negotiations with the haitao Wang Bo, identified in Chinese sources as having accepted a bribe from the Portuguese to dry their cargo and pay taxes in Guangzhou. Both sides were available to find a solution, as the port of Guangzhou was also facing a depletion since it was closed to foreign trade. Leonel de Sousa tried to negotiate only 10% of fees, to what Wang Bo countered the mandatory 20%, but focusing only on half the cargoes, to which Leonel de Sousa agreed. This treaty would be followed by the recognition of Macau as an official Portuguese warehouse in 1557. Leonel de Sousa became the second Captain-Major of Macau in 1558 (the equivalent of the later governor of Macau).".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageID "28562997".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageLength "4215".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageOutDegree "38".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageRevisionID "695463785".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Tunmen.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Battle_of_Xicaowan.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Captain-major.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:1554_in_China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:1554_in_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:1554_in_economics.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:1554_treaties.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:China–Portugal_relations.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Commercial_treaties.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Economic_history_of_China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Economic_history_of_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Economic_history_of_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Free_trade_agreements_of_China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:History_of_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Portuguese_Empire.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Portuguese_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Treaties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Category:Treaties_of_the_Ming_dynasty.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink China–Portugal_relations.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Customs.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Farang.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Fernão_Pires_de_Andrade.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Governor_of_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Guangdong.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Guangzhou.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink John_III_of_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Leonel_de_Sousa.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Luís_of_Portugal,_Duke_of_Beja.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Ming_dynasty.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Piracy.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Portuguese_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Smuggling.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Trade.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLink Treaty.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLinkText "Leonel de Sousa agreement with Cantonese authorities in 1554".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLinkText "agreement with the Portuguese".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageWikiLinkText "an agreement with Cantonese authorities".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Lang-pt.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Ming_dynasty_topics.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wikiPageUsesTemplate Template:Reflist.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:1554_in_China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:1554_in_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:1554_in_economics.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:1554_treaties.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:China–Portugal_relations.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Commercial_treaties.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Economic_history_of_China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Economic_history_of_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Economic_history_of_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Free_trade_agreements_of_China.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:History_of_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Portuguese_Empire.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Portuguese_Macau.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Treaties_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) subject Category:Treaties_of_the_Ming_dynasty.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) hypernym Agreement.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) type Organisation.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) type History.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) comment "The Luso-Chinese agreement of 1554 (Portuguese: Acordo Luso-Chinês de 1554) was a trade agreement between the Portuguese headed by Leonel de Sousa, and the authorities of Guangzhou headed by the Provincial Admiral (海道副使; haitao in European sources) Wang Bo (汪柏), which allowed for the legalization of Portuguese trade in China by paying taxes. It opened a new era in Sino-Portuguese relations, as Portuguese were then officially barred from trading in the region.".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) label "Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)".
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) sameAs Q13581279.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) sameAs Acordo_Luso-Chinês_de_1554.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) sameAs m.0czc7cj.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) sameAs Q13581279.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) wasDerivedFrom Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)?oldid=695463785.
• Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554) isPrimaryTopicOf Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554).