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- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 abstract "S. A. Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 was an effort to reach the North Pole in which all three expedition members perished. S. A. Andrée (1854–97), the first Swedish balloonist, proposed a voyage by hydrogen balloon from Svalbard to either Russia or Canada, which was to pass, with luck, straight over the North Pole on the way. The scheme was received with patriotic enthusiasm in Sweden, a northern nation that had fallen behind in the race for the North Pole.Andrée ignored many early signs of the dangers associated with his balloon plan. Being able to steer the balloon to some extent was essential for a safe journey, and there was plenty of evidence that the drag-rope steering technique he had invented was ineffective; yet he staked the fate of the expedition on drag ropes. Worse, the polar balloon Örnen (The Eagle) was delivered directly to Svalbard from its manufacturer in Paris without being tested; when measurements showed it to be leaking more than expected, Andrée refused to acknowledge the alarming implications of this. Most modern students of the expedition see Andrée's optimism, faith in the power of technology, and disregard for the forces of nature as the main factors in the series of events that led to his death and those of his two companions Nils Strindberg (1872–97) and Knut Frænkel (1870–97).After Andrée, Strindberg, and Frænkel lifted off from Svalbard in July 1897, the balloon lost hydrogen quickly and crashed on the pack ice after only two days. The explorers were unhurt but faced a grueling trek back south across the drifting icescape. Inadequately clothed, equipped, and prepared, and shocked by the difficulty of the terrain, they did not make it to safety. As the Arctic winter closed in on them in October, the group ended up exhausted on the deserted Kvitøya (White Island) in Svalbard and died there. For 33 years the fate of the Andrée expedition remained one of the unsolved riddles of the Arctic. The chance discovery in 1930 of the expedition's last camp created a media sensation in Sweden, where the dead men had been mourned and idolized. Andrée's motives have since been re-evaluated, along with assessing the role of the polar areas as the proving-ground of masculinity and patriotism. An early example is Per Olof Sundman's fictionalized bestseller novel of 1967, The Flight of the Eagle, which portrays Andrée as weak and cynical, at the mercy of his sponsors and the media. (This was later adapted and filmed as Flight of the Eagle, 1982, directed by Jan Troell.) The verdict on Andrée by modern writers for virtually sacrificing the lives of his two younger companions varies in harshness, depending on whether he is seen as the manipulator or the victim of Swedish nationalist fervor around the turn of the 20th century.".
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- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:1897_in_science.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:Accidents_and_incidents_involving_balloons_and_airships.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:Arctic_expeditions.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_1897.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Norway.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:Ballooning.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:Expeditions_from_Sweden.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 subject Category:History_of_Svalbard.
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 comment "S. A. Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 was an effort to reach the North Pole in which all three expedition members perished. S. A. Andrée (1854–97), the first Swedish balloonist, proposed a voyage by hydrogen balloon from Svalbard to either Russia or Canada, which was to pass, with luck, straight over the North Pole on the way.".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Andrées Polarexpedition von 1897".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Expedición ártica de Andrée".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Expedição polar de S. A. Andrée".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Expédition polaire de S. A. Andrée".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Spedizione artica in pallone di Andrée del 1897".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Wyprawa balonowa Andrée'go".
- S._A._Andr%C3%A9e's_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897 label "Арктическая экспедиция Андре на воздушном шаре".
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