DBpedia – Linked Data Fragments

Matches in DBpedia 2015-10 for { ?s ?p "Male reproductive alliances can best be understood within the context of traditional male-male competition, as a specific case of cooperative competition. Such cooperative behavior, however, does not necessarily result in the equal sharing of resources among cooperating individuals. Cooperation often requires that individuals decrease their own fitness to increase the fitness of another. This behavior becomes even more striking when it occurs within the context of cooperative reproduction, where individuals decrease their own reproductive fitness to improve the reproductive fitness of another.In some species, males cooperate by forming alliances between related or non-related individuals to gain access to females and prevent other males from mating. Such alliances often result in the monopolization of mating opportunities by one dominant male. The resulting unequal sharing of mating opportunities contradicts the traditional male-male competition over access to females that natural selection implies, making male reproductive alliances an ideal case to study the costs and benefits associated with subordinate individual cooperation. The cost of cooperation (a decrease in fitness) makes it difficult to reconcile the principles of natural selection and cooperation unless there are specific circumstances that make cooperation favorable.Despite the apparent contradictory nature of cooperation, it does occur in a variety of species. Male reproductive alliances have been documented in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), slender mongooses (Galerella sanguine), lions (Panthera leo), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and other primates. However, such behavior may or may not have evolved within the context of reproduction. Alliances may improve an individuals’ fitness by either improving foraging capabilities or lessening the cost of defending territories.The reproductive tradeoffs for males participating in reproductive alliances depends on the extent to which mating is shared among alliance members, and the extent to which alliance membership incurs a reproductive fitness advantage over competing as a single male. Three mechanisms have been hypothesized to reconcile the principles of natural selection and cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity and mutualism . Separate cases have provided evidence supporting all three of the routes described. Male alliances have been hypothesized to have evolved within the context of kin selection in red howler monkeys, within the context of direct reciprocity in savanna baboons and within the context of mutualism in lions. Determining the evolutionary context of cooperative behavior can be difficult. Two things to consider regarding male alliances are whether the coalition comprises related or unrelated individuals and how stable the coalitions are. Male alliances involve complex interactions with many costs and benefits, making the study of such cooperative behavior both difficult and fascinating."@en }

• Male_reproductive_alliances abstract "Male reproductive alliances can best be understood within the context of traditional male-male competition, as a specific case of cooperative competition. Such cooperative behavior, however, does not necessarily result in the equal sharing of resources among cooperating individuals. Cooperation often requires that individuals decrease their own fitness to increase the fitness of another. This behavior becomes even more striking when it occurs within the context of cooperative reproduction, where individuals decrease their own reproductive fitness to improve the reproductive fitness of another.In some species, males cooperate by forming alliances between related or non-related individuals to gain access to females and prevent other males from mating. Such alliances often result in the monopolization of mating opportunities by one dominant male. The resulting unequal sharing of mating opportunities contradicts the traditional male-male competition over access to females that natural selection implies, making male reproductive alliances an ideal case to study the costs and benefits associated with subordinate individual cooperation. The cost of cooperation (a decrease in fitness) makes it difficult to reconcile the principles of natural selection and cooperation unless there are specific circumstances that make cooperation favorable.Despite the apparent contradictory nature of cooperation, it does occur in a variety of species. Male reproductive alliances have been documented in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.), slender mongooses (Galerella sanguine), lions (Panthera leo), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and other primates. However, such behavior may or may not have evolved within the context of reproduction. Alliances may improve an individuals’ fitness by either improving foraging capabilities or lessening the cost of defending territories.The reproductive tradeoffs for males participating in reproductive alliances depends on the extent to which mating is shared among alliance members, and the extent to which alliance membership incurs a reproductive fitness advantage over competing as a single male. Three mechanisms have been hypothesized to reconcile the principles of natural selection and cooperation: kin selection, direct reciprocity and mutualism . Separate cases have provided evidence supporting all three of the routes described. Male alliances have been hypothesized to have evolved within the context of kin selection in red howler monkeys, within the context of direct reciprocity in savanna baboons and within the context of mutualism in lions. Determining the evolutionary context of cooperative behavior can be difficult. Two things to consider regarding male alliances are whether the coalition comprises related or unrelated individuals and how stable the coalitions are. Male alliances involve complex interactions with many costs and benefits, making the study of such cooperative behavior both difficult and fascinating.".