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Matches in DBpedia 2015-10 for { ?s ?p "Consumer demand tests for animals are studies which determine the strength of motivation animals have for resources based on human patterns of purchasing resources with a limited income. For humans, income and the cost of resources is usually measured in money; in animal studies the cost is usually a decrease in fitness represented by energy costs, time costs or a risk of injury. Costs of resources can be imposed on animals by an operant task (e.g. lever-pressing), a natural aversion (e.g. crossing water), or a homeostatic challenge (e.g. increased body temperature). For humans, as the cost of a resource increases, we usually decrease the amount purchased (or consumed), depending on how important we perceive that resource to be. Similarly, if we increase the cost of resources for animals (e.g. increasing the number of lever presses needed), then animals will reduce their consumption (i.e. gaining access) depending on how important they perceive the resource to be.Consumer demand tests therefore allow us to objectively quantify the strength of motivation animals have for resources whilst avoiding anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism.Using consumer demand tests one can empirically determine the strength of motivation animals have for a definite need (e.g. food, water) and also for resources we humans might perceive as a luxury or unnecessary but animals might not (e.g. sand for dustbathing or additional space for caged mice). By comparing the strength of motivation for the resource with that for a definiteneed, we can measure the importance of a resource as perceived by the animals. Animals will be most highly motivated to interact with resources they absolutely need, highly motivated for resources that they perceive as most improving their welfare, and less motivated for resources they perceive as less important. Furthermore, Argument by analogy indicates that as with humans, it is more likely that animals will experience negative affective states (e.g. frustration, anxiety) if they are not provided with the resources for which they show high motivation.Various other aspects of the animal's behaviour can be measured to aid understanding of motivation for resources, e.g. latency (delay) to approach the point of access, speed of incurring the cost, time with each resource, or the range of activities with each of the resources. These measures can be recorded either by the experimenter or by motion detecting software. Prior to testing, the animals are usually given the opportunity to explore the apparatus and variants to habituate and reduce the effects of novelty."@en }

• Consumer_demand_tests_(animals) abstract "Consumer demand tests for animals are studies which determine the strength of motivation animals have for resources based on human patterns of purchasing resources with a limited income. For humans, income and the cost of resources is usually measured in money; in animal studies the cost is usually a decrease in fitness represented by energy costs, time costs or a risk of injury. Costs of resources can be imposed on animals by an operant task (e.g. lever-pressing), a natural aversion (e.g. crossing water), or a homeostatic challenge (e.g. increased body temperature). For humans, as the cost of a resource increases, we usually decrease the amount purchased (or consumed), depending on how important we perceive that resource to be. Similarly, if we increase the cost of resources for animals (e.g. increasing the number of lever presses needed), then animals will reduce their consumption (i.e. gaining access) depending on how important they perceive the resource to be.Consumer demand tests therefore allow us to objectively quantify the strength of motivation animals have for resources whilst avoiding anthropomorphism and anthropocentrism.Using consumer demand tests one can empirically determine the strength of motivation animals have for a definite need (e.g. food, water) and also for resources we humans might perceive as a luxury or unnecessary but animals might not (e.g. sand for dustbathing or additional space for caged mice). By comparing the strength of motivation for the resource with that for a definiteneed, we can measure the importance of a resource as perceived by the animals. Animals will be most highly motivated to interact with resources they absolutely need, highly motivated for resources that they perceive as most improving their welfare, and less motivated for resources they perceive as less important. Furthermore, Argument by analogy indicates that as with humans, it is more likely that animals will experience negative affective states (e.g. frustration, anxiety) if they are not provided with the resources for which they show high motivation.Various other aspects of the animal's behaviour can be measured to aid understanding of motivation for resources, e.g. latency (delay) to approach the point of access, speed of incurring the cost, time with each resource, or the range of activities with each of the resources. These measures can be recorded either by the experimenter or by motion detecting software. Prior to testing, the animals are usually given the opportunity to explore the apparatus and variants to habituate and reduce the effects of novelty.".